European Revolutions and the Ottoman Balkans: Nationalism, Violence and Empire in the Long Nineteenth-Century

Description

The emergence of the Balkan national states in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has long been viewed through an Orientalist lens, and their birth and evolution traditionally seen by scholars as the effect of the Ottoman Empire's decline. As a result, the role played by the great European revolutions, wars and intellectual developments is often neglected. Rejecting these traditional Orientalist narratives, this work examines Balkan nationalist movements within their broader European historical contexts. Drawing on a range of unused archival research and ranging from the Napoleonic era to the Bolshevik Revolution, contributors variously consider the complex roles played by Europe's internal geo-political ruptures in forming the Balkan states, and demonstrate how the Balkan intelligentsia drew inspiration from, and interacted with, contemporary European thought. Shedding light onto the strong intellectual, political and military interconnections between the regions, this is essential reading for all those studying Balkan and European history, as well as anyone interested in the question of national identity. Published in Association with the British Institute at Ankara Cover page Halftitle page Title page Copyright page Contents Illustrations Contributors 1 War and Revolution: A Balkan Perspective – An Introduction The War as Revolution The Revolution as War The Revolution as Civil War The Revolution as Imperial Nationalism Notes Bibliography 2 Emulating Petrine Russia: Thick Mechanicism and the Foundations of Government in Istanbul after the Rebellion of 1730 Limits of Competitive Emulation The Rebellion of 1730 The New Order in 1732 Mechanical Arts and the Russian Precedent Notes Bibliography 3 New Horizons of Political Possibility: Greek Political Imagination aft er the Russo-Ottoman War of 1768–1774 Introduction The Shock of 1774: The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca and Greek Political Imagination Iosipos Moisiodax’s ‘Liberal’ Sensibilities Dimitrios Katartzis’ Communitarianism Conclusion Notes Bibliography 4 Military Reforms as a Diplomatic Bargaining Chip: French-Ottoman Relations at the End of the Eighteenth Century Introduction French Military Experts in the Ottoman Army: A General Overview The Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim III as a Part of the International Political System French Military Specialists and the Nizam-i Cedid Jean-Baptiste Barthelemy Lesseps and Pierre Fergo Military Experts at the End of The Eighteenth Century Jacques-Balthazard le Brun Conclusion Abbreviations Notes Bibliography 5 Echoes of Tumultuous Wars: Prosperity and Poverty of the Balkan Entrepreneurial Strata (1800s–1880s) Introduction Wars and Revolutions in the pre-Tanzimat Period (1790s–1839) The Kırcalı and Ayan Revolts (1797–1807) The Serbian Revolts (1804–1813, 1815) The Russo-Ottoman War (1806–1812) The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) and the Russo-Ottoman War (1828–1829) The Era of Reforms: the Tanzimat (1839–1876) The Crimean War (1853–1856) The Tumultuous Years (1875–1878) Conclusion Notes Bibliography 6 The Final Phase of the Greek Revolution: Delimitation, Determination and Demarcation of the First Greek Borders in Ottoman Sources Introduction Encountering the Greek Boundary Problem Determining the Boundary: The Constantinople Conferences Ottoman Terminology during the Negotiations Demarcation of the Border Conclusions Notes Bibliography 7 Petko Voivoda: A Re-evaluation of Nineteenth-Century Bulgarian Military History From ‘Primitive Rebels’ to Haiduks : Theoretical Background and a Framework for Discussion Haiduk Activities: An Alternative Approach Notes Bibliography 8 Uprisings, Revolutions and Wars: Visual Representations in the Bulgarian Illustrated Press at the End of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Introduction Turn of the Century Balkan Wars The Great War Conclusion Notes Bibliography 9 Under a Gun : Eugen Kumičić on the Austria-Hungarian Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Introduction The Croatian Question and the Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatians versus Serbs Ante Starčević and Josip J. Strossmayer Eugen Kumičić’s Under a Gun: A Personal Narrative Conclusion Notes Bibliography 10 War, Intellectuals and the Balkan States: French Intellectuals’ Perception of Serbiaand Serbs in the Great War Introduction French Intellectuals and the Balkans Intellectual Cooperation Changes to French Public Opinion Towards the Serbs from 1894 to 1913 Intellectuals in War: From Sympathy to Affi rmation of the Serbian National Aims ‘My Serbian Patriotism Follows Behind My French Patriotism’ Conclusion Notes Bibliography 11 The New Ottoman Conception of War, State and Society in the Prelude to the First World War The Shift Towards Authoritarianism Germany as the Ideal Social and Political Model for Renewal The Shift from Universalism to National Idealism Gökalp and his ‘Üç Cereyan’ (Three Currents of Thought) Conceptualizing the State Ottoman State as a War Machine Conclusion Notes Bibliography 12 War, Revolution and Diplomacy: The October Revolution of 1917 and the Turkish Anatolian Resistance Movement, 1919–1922 Introduction Revolutions Connected, Revolutions Affected The ‘Revolutionary Tide’ Before the Anatolian Resistance Movement Turkish-Russian Relations during the Anatolian Resistance Movement Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index