Advanced Nanomaterials for Inexpensive Gas Microsensors: Synthesis, Integration and Applications

Description

Advanced Nanomaterials for Inexpensive Gas Microsensors presents full coverage of the area of gas sensing nanomaterials, from materials, transducers and applications to the latest advanced results and future directions. A number of experts in the field present work on gas sensing nanomaterials including metal oxides, carbon based and hybrid materials, together with their fabrication and application. The book brings together three major themes Several chapters address synthesis, functionalization, characterization of advanced nanomaterials, with emphasis on synthesis techniques to ease the integration of nanomaterials in transducers. These chapters encompass a wide spectrum of sensing technologies including advanced nanomaterials such as metal oxides, carbon materials and graphene, organic molecular materials, and atomic layers such as MoS2. The authors examine the coupling of sensitive nanomaterials to different types of transducer elements and their applications, including direct growth and additive fabrication techniques as a way to obtain inexpensive gas microsensors, principal transduction schemes, and advanced operating methods. Assess the value of major applications for gas microsensors, including air quality monitoring both indoors (buildings and vehicles) and outdoors, monitoring perishable goods and medical. For each application, potential issues are clearly identified, research directions to overcome these are suggested, and market analysis data is included. Advanced Nanomaterials for Inexpensive Gas Microsensors presents the latest research and most comprehensive coverage in the field of gas micro and nano sensors for research scientists, academics, graduate students, and R&D managers working on synthesis of nanomaterials and fabrication of sensing systems, in a wide range of areas in electrical and material engineering, physical chemistry, electrochemistry and physics. Cover Half Title Advanced Nanomaterials for Inexpensive Gas Microsensors: Synthesis, Integration and Applications Copyright Contents About the editor Contributors 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Gas-sensitive nanomaterials 1.3 Synthesis and integration of gas-sensitive nanomaterials 1.4 Organization of the book Acknowledgment References 2. Inorganic nanomaterials 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Operating sensing principles 2.3 General overview of gas sensors based on inorganic nanomaterials 2.4 Toward cost-effective gas sensors based on inorganic materials 2.4.1 Automated fabrication routes 2.4.2 Simplified operation methods: Self-heated nanosensors 2.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 3. Molecular materials for gas sensors and sensor arrays☆ 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Resistive sensors 3.2.1 Polymers 3.2.2 Phthalocyanines and porphyrins 3.2.3 CNT and graphene resistive sensors 3.2.4 Combinations of materials in the same layer 3.3 Field effect transistors (FET) 3.4 Mass sensors 3.4.1 Polymeric absorbing materials 3.4.2 Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) 3.4.3 Mass sensors based on porphyrins and phthalocyanines 3.4.4 Alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers 3.4.5 Host-guest materials 3.5 Optical sensors 3.5.1 Porphyrins and phthalocyanines 3.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 4. Carbon nanomaterials 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Carbon black 4.2.1 Synthesis of carbon black 4.2.2 Gas sensing mechanism in carbon black gas sensors 4.3 Carbon nanofibers 4.3.1 Synthesis of carbon nanofibers 4.3.2 Gas sensing mechanisms in carbon nanofibers 4.4 Carbon nanotubes 4.4.1 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes 4.4.2 Purification and processability of carbon nanotubes 4.4.3 Gas sensing mechanisms in carbon nanotubes 4.4.4 Selectivity enhancement in carbon nanotube gas sensors 4.4.5 Toward more reproducible CNT devices 4.5 Graphene 4.5.1 Synthesis of graphene 4.5.2 Gas sensing with graphene 4.5.3 Functionalization of graphene for increased sensitivity and selectivity 4.6 Conclusions and outlook References 5. Hybrid and 2D nanomaterials 5.1 Macrocycle-polymer hybrid materials 5.2 Macrocycle-carbonaceous compound hybrid materials 5.3 Polymer-carbonaceous compound hybrid materials 5.4 Hybrid materials including inorganic materials 5.5 2D component-containing hybrid materials 5.6 Challenges in hybrid material-based gas sensing References 6. Fabrication techniques for coupling advanced nanomaterials to transducers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Clean room processing of nanomaterial for gas sensors 6.3 Additive manufacturing 6.4 Additive manufacturing of gas sensors on foils 6.4.1 Screen printing 6.4.2 Inkjet printing 6.4.3 Spray coating/printing 6.4.4 Aerosol jet printing (AJP) 6.4.5 Sol-gel and drop casting 6.4.6 Roll-to-roll printing techniques 6.5 Conclusion and perspective References 7. CMOS-based resistive and FET devices for smart gas sensors 7.1 Introduction to CMOS gas sensors 7.2 Fabrication of microheaters 7.3 Fabrication of resistive and FET sensing elements 7.4 Interface circuitry for resistive gas sensors 7.5 Integration of temperature and humidity sensors 7.5.1 Temperature sensor 7.5.2 Humidity sensor 7.6 Packaging of CMOS gas sensors 7.7 Commercial CMOS gas sensors References 8. Optical devices 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sensing mechanisms 8.3 Oxygen sensors 8.4 Hydrogen sensors 8.5 NH3 gas sensors 8.6 Volatile organic compounds 8.7 Some other gases 8.8 Concluding remarks Acknowledgements References 9. Resonant microcantilever devices for gas sensing 9.1 introduction 9.2 Theory: From the vibration modes to the actuation/readout schemes 9.2.1 Vibration modes 9.2.2 Mass, stiffness, and temperature effects 9.2.3 Figures of merit 9.2.4 Actuation, readout, and electronics 9.3 Materials and processes 9.3.1 Microcantilever transducer 9.3.2 Sensitive coatings 9.4 Examples of gas sensing applications 9.4.1 Microcantilever arrays 9.4.2 Other strategies for improving sensor performance 9.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 10. Advanced operating methods 10.1 Fluctuation-enhanced sensing 10.2 UV light modulated enhanced sensing 10.3 Applications of inexpensive gas microsensors References 11. Indoor air quality monitoring 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Target gases and interferents 11.2.1 CO2 and H2: Indicator gases for human presence 11.2.2 TVOC and specific VOC 11.2.3 Odor monitoring 11.2.4 Background and interferents 11.2.5 Testing of sensors 11.2.6 Reference methods 11.3 MOS sensors for IAQ monitoring 11.3.1 Commercial sensors 11.3.2 Novel sensor materials and processes 11.4 Integrated sensor system with preconcentration 11.4.1 The SENSIndoor solution 11.5 IoT sensor solutions for IAQ 11.5.1 Bosch Sensortec BME680 11.5.2 Sensirion multipixel gas sensor SGP30 11.5.3 AMS CCS811 11.5.4 IDT ZMOD4410 11.6 Conclusion and outlook References 12. Low-cost sensors for outdoor air quality monitoring 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Status of the low-cost air sensor technologies 12.1.2 Ambient Air EU Directive 12.1.3 Air pollution limits 12.2 Materials for air quality sensors 12.2.1 Metal oxides 12.2.2 Carbon nanomaterials 12.2.3 Conducting polymers 12.2.4 Hybrid materials 12.2.5 Comparison of material gas-sensing properties 12.3 Air quality sensor parameters 12.3.1 Sensor parameters for chemical sensing 12.3.2 Key indicators for air sensor performance assessment 12.3.3 Metrics for comparison between air sensors and reference analyzers 12.4 Transducers and their principles of operation 12.4.1 Transducers for chemical sensors 12.4.2 Air sensors versus reference analyzers 12.5 Air quality stationary sensor networks 12.5.1 Air quality stationary sensor networks in Europe 12.5.2 Air quality stationary sensor networks in United States 12.5.3 Air quality stationary sensor networks in Asia 12.6 Mobile sensing for air quality monitoring 12.6.1 Air quality mobile sensing by ground vehicles 12.6.2 Air quality mobile sensing by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) 12.7 Outlook 12.8 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 13. Monitoring perishable food 13.1 Perishable food and food chain 13.1.1 Food as a technology testbed 13.1.2 Food decay and telltale substances. Need of on-line control 13.1.3 Perishable food scenarios and associated constraints 13.2 Volatiles and gas sensing in food 13.2.1 Chemical gas sensing based in MOX sensors 13.2.2 Optochemical sensors 13.2.3 Infrared approaches 13.2.4 RFID labels References 14. Point of care breath analysis systems 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Main sensing mechanisms for VOC detection 14.3 Chemically sensitive electrical sensors 14.3.1 Nanomaterial-based cross-reactive chemiresistors 14.3.2 Nanomaterial-based field effect transistors (FETs) 14.4 Colorimetric sensors 14.5 Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors 14.6 Piezoelectric sensors 14.7 Conclusion and future perspectives References 15. Concluding remarks and outlook 15.1 Advanced nanomaterials for gas microsensors 15.1.1 Inorganic nanomaterials 15.1.2 Organic materials 15.1.3 Carbon nanomaterials 15.1.4 Hybrid and 2D nanomaterials 15.2 Transducing platforms for inexpensive gas microsensors 15.2.1 Fabrication techniques for coupling advanced nanomaterials to transducers 15.2.2 CMOS-based resistive and FET devices for smart gas sensors 15.2.3 Optical gas sensors 15.2.4 Resonant microcantilever devices for gas sensing 15.3 Applications of inexpensive gas microsensors 15.3.1 Indoor air quality monitoring 15.3.2 Outdoor air quality monitoring 15.3.3 Monitoring perishable food 15.3.4 Point of care breath analysis systems Index