Introduction to Biotechnology and Biostatistics

Description

Introduction to Biotechnology and Biostatistics is a book which introduces the concept of biotechnology and biostatistics. Different terms such as genes, genomes and genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology have been described in this book. This book highlights the important of genetic engineering in the human welfare and the concept of animal biotechnology as well as plant biotechnology. This book aims to discuss about the concept of industrial biotechnology, environmental biotechnology and the biosafety guidelines for the intellectual property rights and entrepreneurship development. The techniques and processes related to biotechnology have been provided in this book. This book provides insights to the readers about the concept of biostatistics and software which are used for the analysis of the data while performing research. Cover Title Page Copyright ABOUT THE AUTHOR TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations Preface Acknowledgment Chapter 1 Introduction of Biotechnology 1.1. Scope 1.2. Importance 1.3. Biotechnology Century 1.4. History Of Biotechnology 1.5. Traditional Biotechnology 1.6. Modern Biotechnology 1.7. Global Impact And Current Excitement Of Biotechnology 1.8. Biotechnology Impact On Health Care 1.9. Biotechnology Impact On Environment 1.10. Biotechnology Impact On Agriculture 1.11. Biotechnology In India 1.12. Biotechnology In World 1.13. Future Development Achievements Of Biotechnology 1.14. Misuse Of Biotechnology 1.15. Biodiversity And Its Conservations 1.16. Introduction To Biodiversity 1.17. Definition And Explanation 1.18. Alpha And Beta Biodiversity 1.19. Levels Of Biodiversity 1.20. Rate Of Loss Of Biodiversity 1.21. Causes For The Loss Of Biodiversity 1.22. Uses Of Biodiversity 1.23. Extent Of Biodiversity In Plant 1.24. Exploration And Germplasm Collection 1.25. Introduction And Exchange Of Pgr (Plant Genetic Resources) 1.26. Red Data Book And Endangered Plant Species 1.27. Plant Genetic Resources 1.28. Plant Quarantine Aspects 1.29. Sanitary And Phytosanitary Systems (SPS) 1.30. In-Situ Conservation 1.31. Ex-Situ Conservation 1.32. Cryopreservation 1.33. Gene Banks 1.34. Cryobanks 1.35. IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) 1.36. FAO (Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations) 1.37. NBPGR (National Bureau Of Plant Genetic Resources) 1.38. CGIAR (Consultative Group For International Agricultural Research) 1.39. Plant Breeders Rights 1.40. Farmers Rights 1.41. Protection Of Plant Varieties 1.42. Farmers Rights Acts Chapter 2 Genes And Genomes And Genetic Engineering 2.1. Nature Of DNA 2.2. Composition Of DNA 2.3. Nucleosides 2.4. Nucleotides 2.5. Polynucleotide 2.6. Chargaff-Equivalence Rule 2.7. Physical Nature Of DNA 2.8. Watson And Crick’s Model Of DNA 2.9. Circular And Super Helical DNA 2.10. Organization Of DNA 2.11. Structure Of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 2.12. Gene Concept 2.13. Units of A Gene 2.14. Cistron 2.15. Recon 2.16. Muton 2.17. Split Genes (Or Introns) 2.18. RNA Splicing 2.19. Ribozymes 2.20. Overlapping Genes (Genes Within Genes) 2.21. Gene Organization 2.22. Gene Expression 2.23. Gene Regulation 2.24. Transcription 2.25. Translation 2.26. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 2.27. Polymerase Chain Reaction Application 2.28. DNA Fingerprinting Chapter 3 Recombinant DNA Technology And Tools Of Genetic Engineering 3.1. Chimeric DNA 3.2. Restriction Enzymes For Cloning 3.3. Technique Of Restriction Mapping 3.4. Restriction Cleavage And Gel Electrophoresis 3.5. Construction Of A Restriction Map 3.6. Use Partial Digests, End Labeling Hybridization In Restriction Mapping 3.7. Construction Of Chimeric DNA 3.8. Adding Poly Da At The 3’ Ends Of The Vector And Poly Dt At The 3’ Ends Of The DNA Clone 3.9. Blunt End Ligation By T4 DNA Ligase 3.10. DNA Cloning In Bacteria And Eukaryotes 3.11. Cloning In Bacteria 3.12. Cloning In Eukaryotes 3.13. Molecular Probes 3.14. Preparation Of Probes 3.15. Genomic DNA Probes 3.16 CDNA Probes 3.17. Synthetic Oligonucleotides As Probes 3.18. Rna Probes Or Riboprobes 3.19. Labeling Of Probes 3.20. Radiolabeled Probes 3.21. Amplification Of DNA Probe Signals 3.22. Techniques Used In Molecular Probing 3.23. Separation Of DNA Fragments Using Agarose Or Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis 3.24. Separation Of Large DNA Molecule Molecules Using (PFGE) 3.25. Southern, Northern, And Western Blotting 3.26. Dots And Slot Blots 3.27. Applications Of Molecular Probes 3.28. Construction And Screening Of Genomic And CDNA Libraries 3.29 CDNA Library From Mrnas 3.30. Colony (Plaque) Hybridization For Screening Of Libraries 3.31. Chromosome Walking And Characterization Of Chromosome Seg-ments 3.32. Reverse Genetics And Chromosome Jumping (Or Hopping Libraries) 3.33. Isolation, Sequencing, And Synthesis Of Genes 3.34. Maxam And Gilbert’s Chemical Degradation Method 3.35. Sanger’s Dideoxynucleotide Synthetic Method 3.36. Direct DNA Sequencing Using PCR (Also Called Ligation Mediated PCR LMPCR) 3.37. Synthesis Of Genes 3.38. Gene Synthesis Machines 3.39. Synthesis Of Genes From MRNA 3.40. Gel Permeation 3.41. Chromatography 3.42. Ion Exchanged Chromatography 3.43. Electrophoresis 3.44. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis 3.45. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFEG) 3.46. Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis 3.47. Spectrometery 3.48. Matrix-Assisted Layer Desorption-Ionization (MALDI) 3.49. Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption-Ionization (SELDI) 3.50. Electrospray Ionization (ESI) 3.51. Fluorescence Spectroscopy 3.52. Polymerase Chain Reaction 3.53. DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF) 3.54. Application Of PCR Chapter 4 Recombinant DNA Technology And Tools Of Genetic Engineering 4.1. Exonuclease 4.2. Endonuclease 4.3. Restriction Endonucleases 4.4. Nomenclature 4.5. Examples Of Some Enzymes 4.6. Nuclease 4.7. DNA Ligases 4.8. Alkaline Phosphatase 4.9. Reverse Transcriptase 4.10. DNA Polymerase 4.11. T4 Polynucleotide Kinase 4.12. Terminal Transferase 4.13. Use Of Linkers And Adaptors Chapter 5 Tools Of Genetic Engineering (Cloning Vectors) 5.1. Cloning And Expression Vectors 5.2. Cloning Vector For Recombinant DNA 5.3. Plasmids As Vectors 5.4. Pbr322 And Pbr327 Vectors 5.5. Puc Vectors 5.6. Yeast Plasmid Vectors 5.7. Retriever Vectors 5.8. Ti And Ri Plasmids As Vector For Higher Plants 5.9. Bacteriophages As Vectors 5.10. Lambda Phage Vectors 5.11. Cosmids As Vectors 5.12. Phagemids As Vectors 5.13. P1 Cloning Vectors Foe Cloning Large DNA Segments 5.14. Plant And Animal Viruses as Vectors 5.15. Transposones As Vectors 5.16. Artificial Chromosome (Yac And Mac) Vectors For Cloning Large DNA Segments 5.17. Promoters 5.18. Nopaline Synthase (Nos) Promoter From T-DNA 5.19. Expression Cassettes 5.20. Virus Expression Vector For Mammalian Cells 5.21. Binary And Shuttle Vectors 5.22. Ac-Ds Elements 5.23. P Element 5.24. Expression Vector Chapter 6 Techniques Of Genetic Engineering 6.1. Gene Cloning 6.2. Cloning In Prokaryotes 6.3. Strategies Of Recombinant DNA Technology 6.4. Gene Library 6.5. Genomic Library 6.6 CDNA Library 6.7. Isolation Of MRNA 6.8. Preparation Of CDNA. 6.9. Oligo-Dg Primer 6.10. Synthesis Of Second Strand Of CDNA 6.11. Insertion Of DNA Into Vector 6.12. Use Of Restriction Enzyme Linkers 6.13. Use Of Homopolymer Tails 6.14. Transfer Of Recombinant DNA Into Bacterial Cell 6.15. Transformation 6.16. Transfection 6.17. Selection (Screening) Of Recombinants 6.18. Direct Selection Of Recombinants 6.19. Insertional Selection Inactivation Method 6.20. Blue-White Selection Method 6.21. Colony Hybridization (Nucleic Acid Hybridization) Technique 6.22. In Vitro Translation 6.23. Immunological Tests 6.24. Blotting Techniques 6.25. Southern Blotting Techniques 6.26. Northern Blotting Technique 6.27. Western Blotting 6.28. Recovery Of Cells 6.29. Expression Of Cloned DNA 6.30. Shine-Dalgarno Sequence 6.31. Detection Of Nucleic Acids 6.32. Radioactive Labeling 6.33. Random Primed Radiolabeling Of Probes 6.34. Non-Radioactive Labeling 6.35. Digoxigenin (Dig) Labeling System 6.36. Biotin-Streptavidin Labeling System 6.37. Gene Cloning In Eukaryotes 6.38. Transformation In Filamentous Fungi 6.39. Gene Transfer In Dicots By Using Agrobacterium Ti-DNA As Vector 6.40. Gene Transfer In Monocots 6.41. Plant Cell Transformation By Ultrasonication 6.42. Liposome-Mediated Gene Transfer 6.43. Animal Cells 6.44. Electroporation 6.45. Particle Bombardment Gun 6.46. Microinjection 6.47. Direct Transformation 6.48. Gene DNA Sequencing 6.49. Maxam And Gilbert’s Chemical Degration Method 6.50. Cleavage Of Purine 6.51. Cleavage Of Pyrimidine 6.52. Sanger Method (Dideoxynucleotide Chain Termination Method) 6.53. Automatic DNA Sequencers 6.54. Site-Directed Mutagenesis 6.55. Methods Of Mutagenesis Chapter 7 Genetic Engineering For Human Welfare 7.1. Production Of Chemicals And Cloned Genes 7.2. Human Peptide Hormone Genes 7.3. Insulin 7.4. Somatotropin 7.5. Somatostatin 7.6. Human Interferon Gene (HIG) 7.7. Vaccines For Hepatitis B Virus 7.8. Rabies Virus (RV) 7.9. Vaccines For Poliovirus 7.10. Vaccines For Foot And Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) 7.11. Vaccines For Smallpox Virus 7.12. Malaria Vaccines 7.13. DNA Vaccines 7.14. Genes Associated With Genetic Diseases 7.15. Phenylketonuria Genes 7.16. Urokinase Genes 7.17. Thalassemia Genes 7.18. Hemophilia Genes 7.19. Enzyme Engineering 7.20. Commercial Chemicals 7.21. Prevention, Diagnosis And Cure Of Disease 7.22. Parasitic Disease 7.23. Monoclonal Antibodies 7.24. Gene Therapy 7.25. Types Of G ene Therapy 7.26. Methods Of Gene Transfer 7.27. Gene Therapy Success 7.28. DNA Profiling 7.29. Method Of DNA Fingerprinting 7.30. Application Of DNA Profiling 7.31. Immigrant Dispute 7.32. Animal And Plant Improvement 7.33. Pollution Of Abatement Chapter 8 Animal Biotechnology 8.1. Introduction 8.2. History Of Animal Cell Culture 8.3. Requirements For Animal Cell And Tissue Culture 8.4. Animal Cell Growth In Culture 8.5. Substrates For Cell Growth 8.6. Culture Media 8.7. Glassware, Equipments, And Culture Media 8.8. Equipment Required For Animal Cell Culture 8.9. Laminar Air Flow (LAF) 8.10. Co2 Incubators 8.11. Centrifuges 8.12. Inverted Microscope 8.13. Culture Room 8.14. Data Collection (Observation) 8.15. Isolation Of Animal Material (Tissue) 8.16. Establishment Of Cell Cultures 8.17. Cell Lines 8.18. Hybridoma Technology 8.19. Monocional Antibodies Production Of Monoclonal Antibodies (MOAB) 8.20. Applications Of Monoclonal Antibodies 8.21. Disease Diagnosis Chapter 9 Plant Biotechnology 9.1. Introduction 9.2. History 9.3. Requirements For In-Vitro Cultures 9.4. Tissue Culture Laboratory 9.5. Washing And Storage Facilities 9.6. Media Preparation Room 9.7. Transfer Area 9.8. Nutrient Media 9.9. Inorganic Chemicals 9.10. Growth Hormones 9.11. Organic Constituents 9.12. Vitamins 9.13. Amino Acids 9.14. Solidifying Agents 9.15. pH 9.16. Maintenance Of Aseptic Environment 9.17. Sterilization Of Glassware 9.18. Sterilization Of Instruments 9.19. Sterilization Of Culture Rooms 9.20. Sterilization Of Nutrient Media 9.21. Sterilization Of Plant Materials 9.22. Methods Of Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Culture Basic Steps 9.23. Types Of Culture 9.24. Explant Culture 9.25. Callus Formation 9.26. Organogenesis 9.27. Root Culture 9.28. Shoot Culture 9.29. Micropropagation 9.30. Cell-Suspension Culture 9.31. Benefits Of Cell Culture 9.32. Somatic Embryogenesis 9.33. Somaclonal Variation 9.34. Protoplast Culture 9.35. Isolation Of Protoplasts 9.36. Regenration 9.37. Protoplast Fusion And Somatic Hybridization 9.38. Fusion Product 9.39. Methods Of Somatic Hybridization 9.40. Selection Of Somatic Hybrids And Cybrids 9.41. Anther And Pollen Culture 9.42. Culturing Techniques 9.43. In-Vitro Androgenesis 9.44. Direct Androgenesis 9.45. Indirect Androgenesis 9.46. Mentor Pollen Technology 9.47. Embryo Culture 9.48. Embryo Rescue 9.49. Triploid Production 9.50. Protoplast Fusion In Fungi 9.51. Application In Agriculture 9.52. Bioethics In Plant Genetic Engineering Chapter 10 Industrial Biotechnology 10.1. Technique Of Microbial Culture 10.2. Growth Media 10.3. Sources Of Nutrition 10.4. Procedures Of Microbial Culture 10.5. Sterilization 10.6. Control Of Environmental Conditions For Microbial Growth 10.7. Aeration And Mixing 10.8. Vessels For Microbial Cultures 10.9. Types Of Microbial Cultures 10.10. Measurement Of Microbial Growth 10.11. Metabolic Pathways In Micro-Organisms 10.12. Glycolysis Or EMP Pathway 10.13. Entner-Doudoroff Pathway 10.14. Pentose Phosphate Pathway 10.15. Microbial Products 10.16. Primary Metabolites 10.17. Secondary Metabolites 10.18. Enzymes 10.19. Microbial Biomass 10.20. Scale-Up Microblial Process 10.21. Downstream Processing 10.22. Separation Of Biomass 10.23. Cell Disruption 10.24. Concentration Of Broth 10.25. Initial Purification Of Metabolites 10.26. Metabolite-Specific Purification 10. 27. Isolation And Improvement In Microbial Strains 10.28. Strain Improvement Or Microorganism 10.29. Recombination 10.30. Recombinant DNA Technology (= Genetic Engineering Technique) Chapter 11 Environmental Biotechnology 11.1. Energy Source 11.2. Nuclear Energy 11.3. Fossil Fuel Energy 11.4. Non-Fossil And Non-Nuclear Energy 11.5. Biomass As A Source Of Energy 11.6. Composition Of Biomass 11.7. Terrestrial Biomass 11.8. Aquatic Biomass 11.9. Salvinia 11.10. Water Hyacinth (Eicchornia Crassipes) 11.11. Waste As A Renewable Resources 11.12. Composition Of Wastes 11.13. Sources Of Wastes 11.14. Non-Biological Process (Thermo-Chemical Process) 11.15. Direct Combustion 11.16. Pyrolysis 11.17. Gasification 11.18. Liquefaction 11.19. The Biological Process (Bioconversion) 11.20. Enzymatic Digestion 11.21. Anaerobic Digestion 11.22. Aerobic Digestion 11.23. Bioremediation 11.24. Phytoremdiation 11.25. Vermicomposting Chapter 12 Biosafety Guidelines Intellectual Property Rights And Entrepreneurship Development 12.1. Biosafety 12.2. Hazards Of Environmental Engineering 12.3. Biosafety Guidelines And Regulation 12.4. Intellectual Property Rights 12.5. Patents 12.6. Copyrights 12.7. Trademarks 12.8. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 12.9. General Agreement Of Tariffs And Trade (Gatt) And Trade Related IPRS (Trips) 12.10. Biodiversity Bill 2002 12.11. Geographic Indicator Bill Chapter 13 Biotechnology Practical 13.1. Sterilization Techniques (Experiment 1) 13.2. Media Preparation (Experiment 2) 13.3. Isolation And Characterization Of Unknown Bacteria (Experiment 3) 13.4. Bacterial Growth Kinetics (Experiment 4) 13.5. Cell Viability Assay (Experiment 5) 13.6. Isolation Of Genomic DNA From Bacteria (Experiment 6) 13.7. Plasmid DNA Isolate From Bacteria (Experiment 7) 13.8. Rna Extraction By Kit (Experiment 8) 13.9. Identification Of Bacterial Species Based On 16S RDNA Sequences (Experiment 9) 13.10. Isolation Of Milk Protein (Experiment 10) 13.11. Protein Estimation (Experiment 11) 13.12. Assay Of Acid Phosphatase (Experiment 12) 13.13. Identification N-Terminal Amino Acid Of A Protein (Experiment 13) 13.14. Sds-Page Analysis Of Proteins (Experiment 14) 13.15. Restriction Digestion Of DNA (Experiment 15) 13.16. DNA Sequencing (Experiment 16) 13.17. Protoplast Preparation And Fusion (Experiment 17) Chapter 14 Biostatistics 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Biostatistics Concept 14.3 Frequency Distribution 14.4. Variables 14.5. Qualitative Variable 14.6. Quantitative Variable 14.7. Discrete Variable 14.8. Continuous Variable 14.9. Random Variable 14.10. Non-Random Variable 14.11. Sample Survey Method 14.12. Census Method 14.13. Graphical Representation Of Data 14.14. Primary Data 14.15. Secondary Data 14.16. Biostatistics 14.17. Presentation Of Data 14.18. Different Graphs And Diagram 14.19. Line Diagram 14.20. Bar Diagram 14.21. Pie Diagram 14.22. Stem And Leaf Plate 14.23 Histogram 14.24 Ogives 14.25. Scatter Diagram 14.26. Some Important Facts 14.27. Descriptive Statistics 14.28. Mean 14.29. Calculate Average 14.30. Median 14.31. Mode 14.32. Standard Deviation 14.33. Short Cut Method 14.34. Calculate Standard Deviation On Excel 14.35 Correlation (R) 14.36. Regression 14.37 Null Hypothesis 14.38. Alternative Hypothesis 14.39. Central Tendency 14.40 Measures Of Variation 14.41 Binomial Distribution 14.42. Skewness 14.43. Kurtosis And Moment 14.44 Set Theory And Probability 14.45. Comparative Statistics 14.46. Chi Square Test 14.47. Student “T” Distribution Test 14.48. Z-Test 14.49. F-Test Or Fisher’s F Test 14.50. T Test 14.51. Anova (Analysis Of Variances) 14.52. Non-Parametric Statistics 14.53. Important Formulas Chapter 15 Software Used For The Analysis Of Observations And Data 15.1. Sigma Plot 15.2. Spss (Statistical Package For The Social Sciences) 15.3. Origin Pro Software Index Back Cover