Radicalization and Variations of Violence: New Theoretical Approaches and Original Case Studies

Description

This book focusses on the interaction between different kinds of violence and radicalization. Current research criticizes linear models of radicalization and assumes that individuals are involved in radical actions even without extremist preferences. In recent years, the research on radicalization and the use of violence has increasingly been focused on this phenomenon of individual radicalization. However, radicalization is a manifold phenomenon on various levels and exists in miscellaneous variations. The book provides an impetus for analysing social situations that contain the potential for the emergence of conflict. This is done through new outlooks on the role of emotions, the influence of narratives and representations, the connection between (non)violence and emancipation and, lastly, new approaches and perspectives on deradicalization. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors About the Editors Contributors Introduction 1 Problem Description 2 Defining and Understanding Radicalization 3 Deradicalization 4 Book Outline References Part I: Causes and the Constitution of Radicalization Organising Political Violence: Radicalisation and Militancy as Narrative Activity 1 Introduction 2 Reading Research on Radicalisation to Retrieve Emotional Dynamics 2.1 Radicalisation and Militancy Root on Emotional Experiences 2.2 Taking the Emotional Resonance of Narratives Seriously 3 Narrative, Emotions and Mobilisation 3.1 Political Narratives: Definition, Characteristics and Functions 3.2 The Representation of Collective Emotions in Narrative Form 3.3 Some Narratives Perform Emotions More Intensely Than Others 4 Radicalisation and Militancy as Narrative Activity References Making Sense of Terrorism and Violence: A Case Study 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Framework 3 Radicalization and Terrorism 4 Theoretical Framework 5 Methodology 6 Validity and Reliability 7 Case Background 8 Analysis 8.1 I Did Not know: I Did Not Trust (Access and Trust) 8.1.1 Advantages of Political Violence 8.1.2 Violence: The Means of Achieving Peace 8.2 Normality of Violence 8.2.1 Ideology Versus Normality of Violence 9 Conclusion References Correlates for Foreign Fighters in Tunisia 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Factors for Foreign Fighter Mobilization in Tunisia 4 Research Design and Data Sample 5 Analysis 5.1 Descriptive Analysis 5.2 Regression Analysis 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Part II: Approaches to Prognosis, De-radicalization and Prevention Radicalization and Public Discourse 1 Introduction: Why Narratives Matter 2 Core Theoretical Assumptions 2.1 On Meaning-Making and Narratives 2.2 On Extremism, Terrorist Violence and Communication 3 Narratives on Cases of Terrorist Violence 3.1 The French Narrative: An Act of War 3.2 The German Narrative: A Tragedy the System Can Handle 3.3 The UK Narrative: An Atrocity 4 Discussion: The Challenges of Meaning-Making After Terrorist Attacks 4.1 Defining the Situation: Validation & Disregard 4.2 Constructing Actants and Identities: In-Groups and Enemies 4.3 The Objective of Reacting: Overreaction and Reluctance 5 Conclusion References The (Non-)escalation of Violence During the Third Act of the Yellow Vests Protests 1 Introduction 2 Randall Collins and the Absence of the Social Order 2.1 Interactionist Approaches to Violence 2.2 Micro-sociological, Isolated Islands? 3 Collective Violence in the Yellow Vests Movement 3.1 Research on the Yellow Vests 3.2 Data and Method 3.3 The Micro-situational Dynamics of Non-escalation 3.3.1 Build-up of Confrontational Tension/Fear 3.3.2 The Absence of Forward Panic 4 Discussion References Elicitive Peace Education in Polarizing Conflicts over Democracy 1 Introduction 2 A Relational Perspective of Peace Education on Radicalization 3 Analysis of the NHF Case Study 3.1 Relational Dimension 3.2 Structural Dimension 3.3 Cultural Dimension 3.4 (Trans-)Personal Dimension 3.5 Transformative Steps for Peace Education 4 Conclusion References Part III: Selected Case Studies of Radicalization Representation of Kurdish Female Combatants in Western Cinema 1 Introduction 2 Women and Political Violence 3 Kurdish Women as Combatants: Not a Novel Phenomenon 3.1 History of Kurdish Women’s (Armed) Struggle(s) 3.2 Western Media Depiction of Kurdish Female Combats 4 Methodology & Case Selection 4.1 Methodological Framework 4.2 Case Selection 5 Discussion: Women’s Violence as an Exception and an Emotional Reaction 5.1 Struggle for Emancipation: Depoliticization 5.2 Personal-Emotional Motivation Frame (Victim Frame) 5.3 Physical Appearance: Sexualization of the Female Combatants 5.4 Exceptionalism: Mystic Death Machines 6 Conclusion References Manifestations of Violence in the Causality of a Radicalization Episode 1 Introduction 2 Critical Realism 3 Theoretical Framework 4 Case Study Setting 4.1 Background Information 4.2 Radicalization Episode: The Empiric Domain 4.3 Revealing Unobservable Events: The Actual Domain 4.3.1 Marginality 4.3.2 The Implications of the Narrative 4.4 Structures and Mechanisms: The Real Domain 4.4.1 Laws as a Mechanism of Symbolic Violence 4.4.2 The Uncritical Position on the Law 5 Conclusion References Radical Politics in Post-Conflict Settings 1 Introduction 2 Methods: Investigating Radical Politics in Post-conflict Settings 3 Case Study 3.1 How Radical Politics Implicate in the Cyprus Problem 3.2 ELAM Emerging After Border Opening 3.3 Radical Far-Right Ideology and Post-Conflict Politics 3.4 Close Borders 3.5 Distancing from Greek Golden Dawn 3.6 Adapting the Agenda to the Post-Conflict Setting 4 Conclusion References Uncovering the Complexities of Radicalization and Violence: A Summary 1 Examining Factors and Causes for the Constitution of Radicalization 2 Analysing Violence and Radicalization in Empirical Case Studies through Innovative Methods 3 Levels of Analysis 4 Radicalism and Protest 5 Discursive Component 6 Prevention and Reaction to Violence/De-radicalization 7 Outlook for Studies on Radicalization References