Introduction to Logic

Description

For more than six decades, and for thousands of students, Introduction to Logic has been the gold standard in introductory logic texts. In this fifteenth edition, Carl Cohen and Victor Rodych update Irving M. Copi’s classic text, improving on its many strengths and introducing new and helpful material that will greatly assist both students and instructors. In particular, chapters 1, 8, and 9 have been greatly enhanced without disturbing the book’s clear and gradual pedagogical approach. Specifically: Chapter 1 now uses a simpler and better definition of "deductive validity," which enhances the rest of the book (especially chapters 1 and 8-10, and their new components). Chapter 8 now has: Simpler definitions of "simple statement" and "compound statement" More and more detailed examples of the Complete Truth-Table Method. Chapter 9 now has: A detailed, step-by-step account of the Shorter Truth-Table Method (with detailed step-by-step examples for conclusions of different types) A more complete and detailed account of Indirect Proof A detailed justification for Indirect Proof treating each of the three distinct ways in which an argument can be valid A new section on Conditional Proof, which complements the 19 Rules of Inference and Indirect Proof Explications of proofs of tautologies using both Indirect Proof and Conditional Proof A new section at the end of the chapter explaining the important difference between sound and demonstrative arguments. The Appendices now include: A new appendix on making the Shorter Truth-Table Technique (STTT) more efficient by selecting the most efficient sequence of STTT steps A new appendix on Step 1 calculations for multiple-line shorter truth tables A new appendix on unforced truth-value assignments, invalid arguments, and Maxims III-V. In addition, a Companion Website will offer: for Students: A Proof Checker Complete Truth Table Exercises Shorter Truth-Table Exercises A Truth-Table Video Venn Diagram Testing of Syllogisms Hundreds of True/False and Multiple Choice Questions for Instructors: An Instructor’s Manual A Solutions Manual www.routledge.com/cw/9781138500860 Cover Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Brief Contents Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments A Very Brief History of Logic Part I LOGIC AND LANGUAGE SECTION A REASONING chapter 1 Basic Logical Concepts 1.1 What Logic Is 1.2 Propositions and Arguments 1.3 Recognizing Arguments 1.4 Arguments and Explanations 1.5 Deductive and Inductive Arguments 1.6 Validity and Truth chapter 2 Analyzing Arguments 2.1 Paraphrasing Arguments 2.2 Diagramming Arguments 2.3 Complex Argumentative Passages 2.4 Problems in Reasoning SECTION Β INFORMAL LOGIC chapter 3 Language and Definitions 3.1 Language Functions 3.2 Emotive Language, Neutral Language, and Disputes 3.3 Disputes and Ambiguity 3.4 Definitions and Their Uses 3.5 The Structure of Definitions: Extension and Intension 3.6 Definition by Genus and Difference chapter 4 Fallacies 4.1 What Is a Fallacy? 4.2 Classification of Fallacies 4.3 Fallacies of Relevance 4.4 Fallacies of Defective Induction 4.5 Fallacies of Presumption 4.6 Fallacies of Ambiguity Logic in the Real World Part II DEDUCTION SECTION A SYLLOGISTIC LOGIC chapters 5 Categorical Propositions 5.1 The Theory of Deduction 5.2 Classes and Categorical Propositions 5.3 The Four Kinds of Categorical Propositions 5.4 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution 5.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition 5.6 Further Immediate Inferences 5.7 Existential Import and the Interpretation of Categorical Propositions 5.8 Symbolism and Diagrams for Categorical Propositions chapter 6 Categorical Syllogisms 6.1 Standard-Form Categorical Syllogisms 6.2 The Formal Nature of Syllogistic Argument 6.3 Venn Diagram Technique for Testing Syllogisms 6.4 Syllogistic Rules and Syllogistic Fallacies 6.5 Exposition of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism Appendix: Deduction of the Fifteen Valid Forms of the Categorical Syllogism chapter 7 Syllogisms in Ordinary Language 7.1 Syllogistic Arguments 7.2 Reducing the Number of Terms to Three 7.3 Translating Categorical Propositions into Standard Form 7.4 Uniform Translation 7.5 Enthymemes 7.6 Sorites 7.7 Disjunctive and Hypothetical Syllogisms 7.8 The Dilemma SECTION Β MODERN SYMBOLIC LOGIC chapter 8 Propositional Logic I: Truth-Functional Statements and Arguments 8.1 Modern Logic and Its Symbolic Language 8.2 Truth-Functionality: Simple Statements and Compound Statements 8.3 Conjunction, Negation, and Disjunction 8.4 Conditional Statements and Material Implication 8.5 Argument Forms and Refutation by Logical Analogy 8.6 The Precise Meaning of "Valid" and "Invalid" 8.7 Testing Argument Validity Using Truth Tables: The Complete Truth-Table Method (CTTM) 8.8 Some Common Argument Forms 8.9 Statement Forms and Material Equivalence 8.10 Logical Equivalence 8.11 The Three "Laws of Thought": Principles of Logic chapter 9 Propositional Logic II: Methods of Deduction 9.1 Formal Proof of Validity 9.2 The Elementary Valid Argument Forms 9.3 Formal Proofs of Validity Exhibited 9.4 Constructing Formal Proofs of Validity 9.5 Constructing More Extended Formal Proofs 9.6 Expanding the Rules of Inference: Replacement Rules 9.7 The System of Natural Deduction 9.8 Constructing Formal Proofs Using the Nineteen Rules of Inference 9.9 Shorter Truth-Table Technique (STTT) 9.10 Inconsistency 9.11 Conditional Proof 9.12 Indirect Proof 9.13 Sound Arguments and Demonstrative Arguments Distinguished chapter 10 Predicate Logic: Quantification Theory 10.1 The Need for Quantification 10.2 Singular Propositions 10.3 Universal and Existential Quantifiers 10.4 Traditional Subject-Predicate Propositions 10.5 Proving Validity 10.6 Proving Invalidity 10.7 Asyllogistic Inference Logic in the Real World Part III INDUCTION SECTION A ANALOGY AND CAUSATION chapter 11 Analogical Reasoning 11.1 Induction and Deduction Revisited 11.2 Argument by Analogy 11.3 Appraising Analogical Arguments 11.4 Refutation by Logical Analogy chapter 12 Causal Reasoning 12.1 Cause and Effect 12.2 Causal Laws and the Uniformity of Nature 12.3 Induction by Simple Enumeration 12.4 Methods of Causal Analysis 12.5 Limitations of Inductive Techniques SECTION Β SCIENCE AND PROBABILITY chapter 13 Science and Hypothesis 13.1 Scientific Explanation 13.2 Scientific Inquiry: Hypothesis and Confirmation 13.3 Evaluating Competing Scientific Explanations 13.4 Classification as Hypothesis chapter 14 Probability 14.1 Alternative Conceptions of Probability 14.2 The Probability Calculus 14.3 Probability in Everyday Life Logic in the Real World Appendix A: The Efficiency of the STTT: Selecting the Most Efficient Sequence of STTT Steps Appendix Β: Step 1 Calculations for Multiple-Line Shorter Truth Tables Appendix C: Unforced Truth-Value Assignments, Invalid Arguments, and Maxims III-V Appendix D: Graduate-Level Admission Tests Solutions to Selected Exercises Photo Credits Glossary/Index Logic Overviews