Fundamentals of Aviation Operations (Aviation Fundamentals)

Description

This book provides a general introduction into aviation operations, covering all the relevant elements of this field and the interrelations between them. Numerous books have been written about aviation, but most are written by and for specialists, and assume a profound understanding of the fundamentals. This textbook provides the basics for understanding these fundamentals. It explains how the commercial aviation sector is structured and how technological, economic and political forces define its development and the prosperity of its players. Aviation operations have become an important field of expertise. Airlines, airports and aviation suppliers, the players in aviation, need expertise on how aircraft can be profitably exploited by connecting airports with the aim of adding value to society. This book covers all relevant aspects of aviation operations, including contemporary challenges, like capacity constraints and sustainability. This textbook delivers a fundamental understanding of the commercial aviation sector at a level ideal for first-year university students and can be a tool for lecturers in developing an aviation operations curriculum. It may also be of interest to people already employed within aviation, often specialists, seeking an accurate overview of all relevant fields of operations. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Figures Preface Introduction Part I: The Aviation Sector 1 Theoretical Framework 1.1 Many Different Parties 1.1.1 The Technological Dimension 1.1.2 The Economic Dimension 1.1.3 The Political Dimension 1.2 The Human Factor 1.3 Dynamics of Aviation 1.4 Managing and Planning Capacities 1.5 Working in Aviation 1.5.1 International Environment 1.5.2 Competitive Environment 1.5.3 Professional Competencies 1.5.4 Level of Education 1.5.5 Engineering versus Operations 2 Authorities in Aviation 2.1 Nation States 2.2 International Cooperation: ICAO 2.3 National Aviation Authorities 2.3.1 FAA versus EASA 2.4 Air Transport Agreements 2.4.1 Freedoms of the Air 2.5 Liberalization 2.5.1 US 2.5.2 EU 2.5.3 Asia 2.5.4 Middle East 2.6 Air Navigational Service Providers 2.6.1 Air Traffic Management 2.6.2 Upper Airspace Control 2.6.3 ATM Cooperation 2.7 Governments as Accident Investigators 3 Structure of Aviation Supply 3.1 Ownership of Aviation Suppliers 3.2 Margins and Profitability in Aviation 3.3 The Need for Economies of Scale 3.4 An Oligopolistic Business 3.5 Link to the Military and To Space 3.6 Business-To-Business Markets 4 Structure of Aviation Demand 4.1 Passengers 4.1.1 The Business Passenger 4.1.2 The EVFR Passenger 4.1.3 The Leisure Passenger 4.1.4 Social Demand 4.1.5 Military Demand 4.2 Freight 4.2.1 Cargo 4.2.2 Mail 4.2.3 Parcels 4.3 Demand Variation 4.3.1 Fluctuation of Demand 4.3.2 Imbalance of Demand 4.3.3 Volatility of Demand 5 Sustainability of Aviation 5.1 Co[sub(2)] Emissions of Aviation 5.2 The Paris Agreement 5.3 Technical Solutions 5.4 CORISA and Beyond 5.5 An Inconvenient Truth Part II: Airports 6 The Legal Framework of Airports 6.1 ICAO Regulations 6.2 Air Side and Land Side 6.3 Nationality and Jurisdiction at Air Side 6.4 Rules and Regulations on Security 7 Types of Airports 7.1 Airport Location 7.1.1 Catchment Area 7.1.2 Surface Connectivity 7.1.3 Surface Transport Alternatives 7.1.4 Distance between Airports 7.1.5 Hub Location 7.2 Different Types of Airports 7.2.1 O+D Airports 7.2.2 Hub Airports 7.2.3 Regional Airports 7.2.4 Leisure Airports 7.2.5 Cargo Airports 7.2.6 Refuelling Airports 7.3 The Airport/Airline Relationship 7.4 The Local Impact of Airports 8 Airport Economic Management 8.1 Airport Key Performance Indicators 8.2 Airport Economics 8.2.1 Airport Cost 8.2.2 Airport Income 8.2.3 Airport Profitability 8.3 Airport Ownership 8.4 New Airport Planning 8.5 Airport Competition 8.6 Airport Council International 9 Aeronautical Services at the Airport 9.1 ATC at the Airport 9.1.1 Ground Control 9.1.2 Approach Control 9.1.3 Landing Devices 9.2 Rescue and Firefighting Services 9.3 Fuelling Services 9.4 Flight Information Services 9.4.1 Flight Plan Services 9.4.2 Meteorological Services 9.5 Customs and Immigration 9.6 Security at the Airport 10 Airport Capacity Management 10.1 Airside Capacity: Aircraft Movements 10.1.1 Terminal Control Area 10.1.2 Runway Layout 10.1.3 Runway Dimensions 10.1.4 Apron Capacity 10.1.5 Fuelling Capacity 10.1.6 Towing Capacity 10.1.7 Slot Assignment 10.1.8 Weather Conditions 10.2 Landside Capacity: Passenger Movements 10.2.1 Airport Access 10.2.2 Check-In 10.2.3 Security Check 10.2.4 Customs and Immigration 10.2.5 Gate Planning 10.2.6 Luggage Handling 10.3 The Cargo Terminal 10.4 Collaborative Decision Making 10.5 Modelling and Simulating Part III: Aircraft 11 Aircraft Operation 11.1 Legal Framework: Aircraft Certification 11.1.1 Certification Documents 11.2 The Aircraft as Production Unit 11.2.1 Manufacturer’s Empty Weight 11.2.2 Operating Empty Weight 11.2.3 Maximum Zero Fuel Weight 11.2.4 Maximum Take-Off Weight 11.3 Payload-Range Diagram 11.4 Aircraft Field Performance 11.4.1 Runway Dimensions 11.4.2 Outside Air Temperature 11.4.3 Airport Elevation 11.4.4 Runway Bearing Strength 11.5 Turnaround Characteristics 11.6 Noise Characteristics 11.7 ETOPS 12 Aircraft Economics 12.1 The Aircraft as Capital Good 12.1.1 Aircraft Life Cycle 12.1.2 Aircraft Values 12.2 Aircraft Financing 12.3 Aircraft Types 12.3.1 Narrow-Body Aircraft 12.3.2 Wide-Body Aircraft 12.3.3 Freighter Aircraft 12.4 Economic Characteristics 12.4.1 Cycle Cost 12.5 Fleet Commonality 13 Aircraft Supply and MRO 13.1 Original Equipment Manufacturers 13.1.1 Airframe OEMS 13.1.2 Engine OEMS 13.1.3 Component OEMS 13.2 Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul 13.2.1 Legal Framework 13.2.2 Maintenance Repair and Overhaul 13.2.3 MRO Intervals 13.2.4 Three Levels of MRO 13.3 Managing MRO 13.4 MRO Providers Part IV: Airlines 14 Airline Management 14.1 Legal Framework 14.1.1 Rules and Regulations on Flight Crews 14.2 Business Models 14.2.1 The Full-Service Carrier FSC 14.2.2 Low-Cost Carriers 14.2.3 Regional Carriers 14.2.4 Leisure Carriers 14.2.5 Freight Carriers 14.3 The Marketing Challenge 14.4 Customer Management 14.4.1 Digitization and Social Media 14.4.2 Frequent Flyer Programmes 14.5 People Business 14.6 Airline Ownership 14.7 Airline Competition 14.8 Airline Cooperation 14.8.1 Code Sharing 14.8.2 Alliances 14.8.3 Joint Ventures 14.8.4 Take-Over 14.8.5 Franchising 14.9 Volatility of Demand 14.10 IATA 15 Airline Economics 15.1 Key Performance Indicators 15.1.1 Available Seat Kilometre 15.1.2 Revenue Passenger Kilometre 15.1.3 Load Factor 15.1.4 Cost Per ASK 15.1.5 Revenue Per ASK 15.1.6 Aircraft Utilization 15.1.7 Margin 15.2 Different Types of Costs 15.2.1 Fixed Cost 15.2.2 Variable Cost 15.2.3 Direct Cost 15.2.4 Indirect Cost 15.2.5 Marginal Cost 15.3 Direct Operating Cost 15.3.1 Ownership Cost 15.3.2 Fixed Crew Cost 15.3.3 Maintenance Cost 15.3.4 Fuel Cost 15.3.5 Ground Handling Cost 15.3.6 Airport Charges 15.3.7 Landing Fee 15.3.8 Navigation Charge 15.3.9 Catering Cost 15.3.10 Variable Crew Cost 15.4 Indirect Operating Cost 15.4.1 Overhead 15.4.2 Cost of Sales 15.4.3 Miscellaneous 15.5 Airline Revenues 15.5.1 Fares 15.5.2 Ancillary Sales 15.5.3 Services to Other Airlines 15.5.4 Aircraft Trade 15.6 Results 15.6.1 Operational Result 15.6.2 Finance 15.6.3 Taxation 15.6.4 Net Result 16 Airline Planning 16.1 Market Research 16.2 Network Planning 16.2.1 O+D Networks 16.2.2 Hub Networks 16.3 Schedule Planning 16.3.1 Block Times 16.3.2 Seasons 16.4 Strategic Fleet Planning 16.4.1 Aircraft Size 16.4.2 Fleet Size 16.4.3 Fleet Expansion 16.5 Crew Planning 16.5.1 Crew Ratio 16.5.2 Capacity Flexibility 16.5.3 Fleet Expansion 16.6 Maintenance Planning 16.7 Commercial Planning 16.7.1 CRS 16.7.2 Fare Levels 16.7.3 Revenue Management 16.7.4 Ancillary Sales 16.8 Modelling and Simulating 17 Airline Operations 17.1 Tactical Fleet Planning 17.2 Crew Pairing 17.3 Ground Operations 17.3.1 Turnaround Process 17.3.2 Home-Base Operations 17.3.3 Outstation Operations 17.4 Disruption Management 17.4.1 Schedule Robustness 17.4.2 Aircraft Availability 17.4.3 Operations Control Centre 17.5 Catering Operations 17.6 Fuel Preservation 17.7 Cargo Operations 17.8 Planning It Part V: Epilogue 18 Into the Future 18.1 Demand Growth 18.2 Network Development 18.3 Capacity Constraints 18.4 Fare Levels 18.5 Consolidation 18.6 Technology Changes Index