Innovative Exploration Methods for Minerals, Oil, Gas, and Groundwater for Sustainable Development

Description

Innovative Exploration Methods for Mineral, Oil, Gas, and Groundwater for Sustainable Development provides an integrated approach to exploration encompassing geology, geophysics, mining, and mineral processing. In addition, groundwater exploration is included, as it is central to the development of earth resources. As the demand for coal, minerals, oil and gas, and water continues to grow globally, researchers must prioritize sustainable exploration methods. Old technologies are being replaced speedily and exploration work has become fast, focused, meaningful, and readily reproducible keeping in pace with the changing global scenario. The themes of exploration of energy resources, exploration of minerals, groundwater exploration and processing and mineral engineering are separated out into sections and chapters included in these sections include case studies focusing on tools and techniques for exploration. Innovative Exploration Methods for Mineral, Oil, Gas, and Groundwater for Sustainable Development gives insight to modern concepts of exploration for those working in the various fields of energy, mineral, and groundwater exploration. Copyri_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals--Oil--Gas--and-Groun Copyright Contents Contents Prefa_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals--Oil--Gas--and-Ground Preface Acknowled_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals--Oil--Gas--and-Gr Acknowledgment Chapter-1---Energy-resource--_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minera Chapter 1 Energy resource \(Coal, Shale Gas, Geothermal, Oil, Gas\) Subchapter-1-1---Gasification-of_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Min Subchapter 1.1 Gasification of high ash Indian coals in fluidized bed gasifier 1.1.1 Introduction 1.1.2 Experimental 1.1.2.1 Experimentation in fluidized bed gasification pilot plant 1.1.3 Results and discussion 1.1.3.1 Variation of gasification performance parameters with gasification temperature 1.1.3.2 Variation of gasification performance parameters with air/coal ratio 1.1.3.3 Variation of gasification performance parameters with effect of coal feed rate 1.1.3.4 Variation of gasification performance parameters for different coals 1.1.4 Conclusions References Subchapter-1-2---Exploration-of-mining-met_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Metho Subchapter 1.2 Exploration of mining method for coal extraction in developed bord and pillar property by powered support long wall equipment 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Shortwall mining 1.2.3 Advantages of the method over conventional B&P mining 1.2.4 Selection of site for shortwall 1.2.5 Geo-mining parameters in an Indian mine 1.2.6 Physiomechanical properties of overlying roof rocks 1.2.7 Premining scientific studies and observations 1.2.7.1 Field observation 1.2.7.2 Numerical modeling 1.2.7.3 Support system 1.2.7.4 Gate roads 1.2.8 Production, productivity, and profitability 1.2.8.1 Some salient information 1.2.9 Future scope on production and productivity 1.2.10 Induced caving 1.2.11 Strata control 1.2.11.1 At the surface 1.2.12 Strata control, monitoring, and observations 1.2.13 Conclusions Subchapter-1-3---Exploration-of_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Mine Subchapter 1.3 Exploration of shale gas in India - Prospects and challenges 1.3.1 Introduction 1.3.2 Shale gas exploration 1.3.3 Shale gas resource potential in India 1.3.4 Proterozoic basins - potential areas for closer look 1.3.5 Tackling shale gas challenges in India 1.3.6 Conclusion References Subchapter-1-4---Synergy-through-integra_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods Subchapter 1.4 Synergy through integrated geophysical acquisition for geothermal and hydrocarbon exploration and production 1.4.1 Introduction 1.4.2 System parameters 1.4.2.1 Advanced MT 1.4.2.2 Broadband MT 1.4.2.3 Mini MT and AMT 1.4.2.4 MT and TEM 1.4.2.5 Reservoir monitoring 1.4.3 Processing and interpretation 1.4.4 Applications 1.4.4.1 Establishing monitoring system characteristics 1.4.4.2 Example of geothermal exploration 1.4.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Subchapter-1-5---3D-seismic-expression-o_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods Subchapter 1.5 3D seismic expression of a paleo channel within Barail Argillaceous and its hydrocarbon prospect: Makum field 1.5.1 Introduction 1.5.2 Methodology 1.5.3 Seismic signature 1.5.4 Discussion Reference Subchapter-1-6---A-case-study-of-reservo_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods Subchapter 1.6 A case study of reservoir parameter estimation in Norne oil field, Norway by using Ensemble Kalman Filter \(EnKF\) 1.6.1 Introduction 1.6.2 Objectives 1.6.3 Tasks 1.6.4 Parameter estimation 1.6.5 Quantifying uncertainty in production forecasts 1.6.6 EnKF methodology 1.6.7 Managing the uncertainties 1.6.8 Advantages of EnKF 1.6.9 Sequential Gaussian simulation 1.6.10 Case study 1.6.11 Norne oil field 1.6.12 General geology of Norne field 1.6.13 Structure of the Norne field 1.6.14 Production history of the Norne field 1.6.15 Semisynthetic case: Norne 1.6.16 Discussion of the cases on the basis of EnKF 1.6.17 Discussion and result Acknowledgments References Subchapter-1-7---Coal-bed-me_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Mineral Subchapter 1.7 Coal bed methane: Changing India’s gas market 1.7.1 Introduction 1.7.2 CBM as an energy source 1.7.3 CBM extraction technology 1.7.4 Challenges in CBM extraction 1.7.4.1 Technical challenges 1.7.5 Environmental impact 1.7.6 Land acquisition difficulties 1.7.7 Hydrofracturing 1.7.8 Pricing and marketing of CBM in India 1.7.9 Future prospects of CBM References Subchapter-1-8---Identification-of-gas-bearin_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Me Subchapter 1.8 Identification of gas bearing sweet-spots within complex reservoir by integrating modern geophysical measurements -- case studies from upper Assam fields 1.8.1 Introduction 1.8.2 Wireline logging technologies, methodologies, and case studies 1.8.2.1 Reservoir saturation logging 1.8.2.2 Shear sonic imager logging 1.8.2.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance logging 1.8.3 Discussions References Subchapter-1-9---Evolution-and-future-prospec_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Me Subchapter 1.9 Evolution and future prospects for coalbed methane and coal mine methane in India: Approaches for addressing mine safety, climate change, and energy security⋆⋆This chapter relies heavily on our published book \(Singh and Hajra, 2018\): CBM in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges for Recovery and Utilization. Springer, Cham. 1.9.1 Introduction 1.9.2 Genesis, storage, and transport of methane in coal 1.9.2.1 Genesis 1.9.2.2 Storage 1.9.2.3 Transport 1.9.3 Coal and lignite deposits in India 1.9.4 Coal mining in India 1.9.5 Mine safety issues and gassiness of coal seams in India 1.9.5.1 Mine safety issues 1.9.5.2 Gassiness of coal seams in India 1.9.6 Climate change interlinkages 1.9.7 Coalbed methane and coal mine methane as mitigating measures 1.9.8 Coalbed methane development in India 1.9.8.1 Status of coal mine methane in India 1.9.8.2 Some case studies 1.9.8.3 Ghusick colliery \(Sripur area\) 1.9.8.4 Mines in Mohuda Sub-Basin, Jharia coalfield 1.9.8.5 Amlabad colliery, East Jharia basin 1.9.9 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter-2---Environment--En_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals Chapter 2 Environment \(Environment, Assessment and Control\) Subchapter-2-1---Human-health-risks_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for- Subchapter 2.1 Human health risks from potentially toxic elements in soils of coal mining area 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.1.1 Potentially toxic elements in coal and fly ash 2.1.2 Materials and methods 2.1.2.1 Soil sampling 2.1.2.2 Soil analysis 2.1.2.3 Human exposure risk assessment 2.1.3 Results and discussion 2.1.3.1 Soil heavy metals 2.1.3.2 Exposure risk assessment 2.1.4 Summary References Subchapter-2-2---Health-risk-of-expo_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for Subchapter 2.2 Health risk of exposure to noise in coal preparation and mineral processing plants 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Noise as an occupational hazard 2.2.3 Adverse health effects of noise exposure 2.2.3.1 Annoyance 2.2.3.2 Tinnitus 2.2.3.3 Noise induced hearing loss 2.2.4 Field studies 2.2.5 Discussion 2.2.6 Noise abatement and mitigation measures 2.2.6.1 Site and plant layout 2.2.6.2 Equipment selection 2.2.6.3 Transmission path reduction 2.2.6.4 Material handling systems 2.2.6.5 Legislative framework for control of noise 2.2.7 Conclusion References Subchapter-2-3---Ecological-restorati_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-fo Subchapter 2.3 Ecological restoration of waste dump generated from an integrated steel plant: A case study 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Materials and methods 2.3.2.1 Study area 2.3.2.2 Characteristics of blanketing soil 2.3.2.3 Technical restoration of site 2.3.2.4 Plant sampling 2.3.3 Result and discussion 2.3.3.1 Growth of grass-legume mixture 2.3.3.2 Development of soil horizon 2.3.3.3 Amelioration of soil temperature due to mulch and litter accumulation 2.3.3.4 Design of end land use of dump top 2.3.3.5 Estimation of cost of ecological restoration of waste dump 2.3.4 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Subchapter-2-4---Environment_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Mineral Subchapter 2.4 Environmental sustainability of drilling fluids 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Drilling fluid and its additives 2.4.3 Environmental effects 2.4.4 Viable alternatives 2.4.5 Drill waste analysis 2.4.6 Toxic nature 2.4.7 Reduction of the drilling waste 2.4.8 Methods for disposal and treatment techniques 2.4.9 Conclusion References Subchapter-2-5---Estimation-of-CB_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Mi Subchapter 2.5 Estimation of CB ratio for opencast mine in forestry clearance process 2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2 Purpose for cost benefit analysis 2.5.3 Methodology 2.5.4 Box-equations 2.5.5 Administration of model 2.5.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter-3---Groundwater--_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals-- Chapter 3 Groundwater \(Prospecting, Contamination\) Subchapter-3-1---Self-potential--A-low_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-f Subchapter 3.1 Self-potential: A low-cost geophysical method in investigating groundwater and contaminant plume 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Brief phenomenological account of self-potential 3.1.2.1 Electrokinetic source 3.1.2.2 Electrochemical source 3.1.2.3 Redox potential source 3.1.2.4 Biogeobattery 3.1.3 Techniques of self-potential measurement 3.1.3.1 Nonpolarizing electrode 3.1.3.2 Survey technique 3.1.3.3 Error correction 3.1.3.4 Occupational health safety and site contamination issue 3.1.4 Processing self-potential data 3.1.4.1 Reconstructing smooth anomaly from its noisy counterpart 3.1.4.2 Visualization 3.1.5 Modeling and interpretation of self-potential data 3.1.5.1 Topography driven flow 3.1.5.2 Flow along a fault or contact 3.1.5.3 Modeling contaminant plume 3.1.6 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Subchapter-3-2---Fresh-water-bearing-zone-_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Metho Subchapter 3.2 Fresh water bearing zone identification using VES at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Campus, Sylhet, Bangladesh 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Study area and geologic setting 3.2.3 Materials and methods 3.2.3.1 Measurement of resistivity 3.2.4 Result and discussion 3.2.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Subchapter-3-3---Integrated-geophysical_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods- Subchapter 3.3 Integrated geophysical survey for delineating aquifer zones in Sagar area, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Geology 3.3.3 Hydrogeology 3.3.4 Data acquisition & instrument used 3.3.5 Data processing 3.3.6 Discussion of results 3.3.6.1 Geoelectric resistivity investigation 3.3.6.2 Litho-resistivity correlation 3.3.6.3 Geoelectric depth section along AA’ 3.3.6.4 Geoelectric section 3.3.6.5 Pseudo-section 3.3.7 Limitations of both methods 3.3.7.1 Some of the limitations of the resistivity method include 3.3.7.2 Some of the limitations of the electromagnetic methods are hereby itemized 3.3.8 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Subchapter-3-4---Augmentation-of-arsenic-fr_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Meth Subchapter 3.4 Augmentation of arsenic free drinking water supply in West Bengal through innovative groundwater exploration technique: A case study 3.4.1 Introduction 3.4.2 Infestation of arsenic in West Bengal and its remediation 3.4.3 Case study 3.4.4 Way forward Acknowledgment References Subchapter-3-5---Geogenic-sulfate-rich_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-f Subchapter 3.5 Geogenic sulfate-rich wastewater: Sources, characteristics, effects and treatment technologies 3.5.1 Introduction 3.5.2 Sources of sulfate-rich wastewater 3.5.3 Characteristic of sulfate-rich wastewater 3.5.3.1 Sulfate in mine water 3.5.4 Effect of sulfate-rich wastewater 3.5.5 Treatment technologies 3.5.5.1 Chemical processes 3.5.5.2 Physical processes 3.5.5.3 Microbial processes 3.5.6 Biochemical reactions involved in microbial process 3.5.6.1 Sulfate reducing microorganisms 3.5.6.2 Sulfidogenic bioreactor 3.5.6.3 Factors affecting operation of sulfidogenic bioreactor 3.5.7 Conclusion References Subchapter-3-6---Pyritic-sulphur-Its-_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-fo Subchapter 3.6 Pyritic sulphur-Its distribution, origin in coal seams and production of acid water in mines 3.6.1 Introduction 3.6.2 Distribution of pyritic sulphur in coals 3.6.3 Distribution in coal seams 3.6.4 Microscopic studies of pyrite 3.6.5 Mode of occurrence of pyrite 3.6.5.1 Massive pyrites 3.6.5.2 Spheroidal or framboidal pyrite 3.6.5.3 Euhedral crystals 3.6.6 Diagenetic changes of pyrite 3.6.7 The origin of pyritic sulphur in coal 3.6.8 Production of acid water in mines 3.6.9 Acid water formation 3.6.10 Removal of sulphur from coal 3.6.11 Results of investigation 3.6.12 Summary and conclusion References Chapter-4---Miner_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals--Oil--Gas Chapter 4 Mineral Exploration Subchapter-4-1---Modern-techniqu_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Min Subchapter 4.1 Modern techniques for identifying mineralization in virgin area 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 Techniques of mineral targetting 4.1.2.1 Field mapping 4.1.2.2 UAV mapping 4.1.2.3 Ground-penetrating radar mapping 4.1.3 Data interpretation 4.1.4 Statistical methods 4.1.4.1 Bayesian method 4.1.4.2 Multiple regression method 4.1.4.3 Geostatistical methods 4.1.4.4 Geographic information system methods 4.1.4.5 The common earth model 4.1.4.6 Fuzzy expert systems 4.1.4.7 Artificial neural networks 4.1.4.8 Rule-based expert systems 4.1.4.9 Hybrid intelligent systems 4.1.4.10 Knowledge engineering 4.1.4.11 Data mining 4.1.5 Conclusion References Subchapter-4-2---Integrated-geophysical-studi_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Me Subchapter 4.2 Integrated geophysical studies of Precambrian mobile belts to constrain evolutionary and mineragenic crustal models \(experience from Fennoscandian Shield\) 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Seismic-based geotectonic model of central Svecofennian accretionary orogen 4.2.3 Geoelecric-based model of southeastern part of Svecofennian orogen 4.2.4 Mineragenic inferences from the geoelectric and tectonic models constructed 4.2.5 Case study of integrated geophysical prospecting in the area of highly conductive near surface structures 4.2.6 Concluding remarks References Subchapter-4-3---Gravity-field--A-potent-to_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Meth Subchapter 4.3 Gravity field: A potent tool in understanding the tectonic fabric and potential mineralization over a part of the Bastar Craton, India 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Geology 4.3.3 Gravity anomaly map 4.3.3.1 Data processing 4.3.4 Results and discussions 4.3.4.1 Regional and residual gravity 4.3.4.2 First horizontal derivative map 4.3.4.3 Spectral analysis 4.3.4.4 Moho morphology 4.3.4.5 2D Euler’s depth resolution of crustal level faults 4.3.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Subchapter-4-4---Satellite-gravity-a_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for Subchapter 4.4 Satellite gravity anomalies: Defining basement structure of the Northern Bay of Bengal 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Data source 4.4.3 Data analysis and qualitative interpretation 4.4.3.1 Bathymetry 4.4.3.2 Free air anomaly map 4.4.3.3 Bouguer anomaly map 4.4.3.4 Isostatic anomaly map 4.4.3.5 Gravity lineaments 4.4.4 Study of selected gravity profiles 4.4.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Subchapter-4-5---Essential-dime_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Mine Subchapter 4.5 Essential dimensions of geostatistics in mineral Industry 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Necessity of using geostatistics 4.5.3 Essential dimensions 4.5.4 Geological domaining 4.5.5 Semivariography with respect to geological domains 4.5.6 Critical decisions on block 4.5.7 Essential spotlights 4.5.8 Need for additional exploration and risk 4.5.9 Concluding remarks References Chapter-5---Miner_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals--Oil--Gas Chapter 5 Mineral processing Subchapter-5-1---Advanced-proce_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Mine Subchapter 5.1 Advanced process control for mineral processing operations 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Model-based predictive controller BrainWave design and development 5.1.3 Implementation of BrainWave in mineral processing operations 5.1.4 Mineral processing applications 5.1.4.1 SAG mills 5.1.4.2 Ballmills 5.1.4.3 Flotation cells 5.1.4.4 Thickeners 5.1.5 Conclusion References Subchapter-5-2---Processing-of-port-dr_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-f Subchapter 5.2 Processing of port dredged sand in offshore set-up for value addition-Approach and constraints 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Background of port sand dredging 5.2.2.1 Capital dredging 5.2.2.2 Maintenance dredging 5.2.2.3 Remedial dredging 5.2.3 Dredger 5.2.4 Proposed approach 5.2.4.1 Proposed process description 5.2.4.2 Processing unit study & selection 5.2.4.3 Support vessel unit and general arrangement 5.2.4.4 Process plant structural design 5.2.4.5 Power demand realization 5.2.5 Conclusion References Subchapter-5-3---Utilization-of-_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Min Subchapter 5.3 Utilization of archival exploratory data in coal washery design 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Impact of inefficient coal testing 5.3.2.1 Size-distribution analysis 5.3.2.2 Sink-float test 5.3.2.3 Flotation test 5.3.2.4 Sedimentation & filtration test 5.3.3 Effect and need of proper coal sampling strategy 5.3.4 Coal sampling rules and its approach 5.3.4.1 Sampling condition 5.3.5 Testing procedures and their approach 5.3.5.1 Coal breakage characteristics/product size distribution-wet sizing along with tumbling technique 5.3.6 Sink-float test-use of organic reagents 5.3.6.1 Froth flotation test-sequential evaluation \(independent of reagents\) 5.3.7 Conclusion References Chapter-6---Modern-app_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals--Oil Chapter 6 Modern appliances and techniques Subchapter-6-1---Wellbore-stability-m_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-fo Subchapter 6.1 Wellbore stability modeling for prediction of mud weight in Krishna-Godavari Basin, India 6.1.1 Introduction 6.1.2 Study area 6.1.3 Rock failure criteria 6.1.3.1 Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion 6.1.3.2 Mogi-Coulomb failure criteria 6.1.3.3 Modified lade failure criterion 6.1.4 Wellbore stability analysis 6.1.5 Results and discussion 6.1.6 Conclusion References Subchapter-6-2---Impact-of-modern-ex_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for Subchapter 6.2 Impact of modern exploration techniques in oil & gas reserves to production ratio 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Methodology 6.2.3 Terms used in petroleum evaluation 6.2.4 Evolution of exploration techniques 6.2.5 Methods used in petroleum exploration 6.2.6 Analysis of production statistics 6.2.7 Conclusions References Subchapter-6-3---Effective-attenuation-o_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods Subchapter 6.3 Effective attenuation of coherent and random noises in land seismic data: A case study from Upper Assam Basin 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Theory 6.3.3 Results 6.3.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Subchapter-6-4---Digitalization-in-_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for- Subchapter 6.4 Digitalization in petroleum exploration & production: The new game changer 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 Digital transformation or revolution 6.4.3 Application on digital transformation in E&P industry 6.4.4 Case study for instrumented i-field 6.4.5 Geophysical attributes in intelligent field 6.4.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter-6-5---New-computer-technology-t_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods- Chapter 6.5 New computer technology to solve geological problems for prospecting and exploration of mineral resources 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Visualization, editing, and geological mapping 6.5.3 Geophysical unit 6.5.4 Forecast unit 6.5.5 Borehole unit 6.5.6 Three-dimensional modeling of the territory 6.5.7 Conclusions References Chapter-7---_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals--Oil--Gas--and Chapter 7 Policies Subchapter-7-1---National-geophysical_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-fo Subchapter 7.1 National geophysical mapping in Geological Survey of India-An impetus to mineral exploration 7.1.1 Introduction 7.1.2 Importance of integration of geophysical methods 7.1.3 Interpretation of geophysical data References Subchapter-7-2---Social-license-in-minin_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods Subchapter 7.2 Social license in mining: Can it operate outside the realm of sustainable development and responsible mining? 7.2.1 The premise 7.2.2 Social license to operate 7.2.3 Social license to operate: an extra-legal, amorphous, and intangible concept? 7.2.4 Alternative discourse: toward an improved and responsible resource governance 7.2.5 Consolidating and concluding from Indian experiences References Subchapter-7-3---Why-shale-gas-is-a-prime-_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Metho Subchapter 7.3 Why shale gas is a prime option for us from energy perspective and the multitasking software to address the related issues 7.3.1 Global scenario 7.3.2 Status of potential shales in India 7.3.3 The software details 7.3.4 Total organic content estimation and organic maturity 7.3.5 Fluid and mineral evaluation 7.3.6 Advanced saturation modeling: nuclear magnetic resonance and dielectric volumes 7.3.7 Mechanical properties and brittleness 7.3.8 3D stress and stress orientation 7.3.9 Permeability 7.3.10 Pay analysis Reference Chapter-7-4---Evaluati_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals--Oil Chapter 7.4 Evaluating coal block auctions 7.4.1 Genesis of a crisis 7.4.2 New statute and coal block auctions 7.4.3 Flaws in coal block auctions 7.4.4 Production from the reallocated coal blocks 7.4.5 End result of coal block auctions 7.4.6 Conclusion References Chapter-7-5---Minerals-for-f_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Mineral Chapter 7.5 Minerals for future generations: Indian perspective 7.5.1 Introduction 7.5.2 Li-ion battery-current Indian Scenario 7.5.3 Sources of lithium 7.5.4 Lithium in battery industry 7.5.5 Lithium market 7.5.6 Conclusion References Inde_2022_Innovative-Exploration-Methods-for-Minerals--Oil--Gas--and-Groundw Index