Second Harmonic and Sum-frequency Spectroscopy: Basics and Applications

Description

Optical second harmonic and sum-frequency generation has evolved into a useful spectroscopic tool for material characterization, especially as a viable and powerful technique for probing surfaces and interfaces. This book serves as an introduction on the technique. It provides a comprehensible description on the basics of the technique and gives detailed accounts with illustrating examples on the wide range of applications of the technique. It clearly points out the unique capabilities of the technique as a spectroscopic tool for studies of bulk and interface structures in different disciplines. This book is an updated version of an earlier book on the same subject, but it puts more emphasis on physical concepts and description. It underscores recent advances of sum-frequency spectroscopy at the technical front as well as over its wide range of applications, with the author's perspective in each area. Most chapters end with a section of summary and prospects that hopefully can help stimulate interest to further develop the technique and explore possibilities of applying the technique. Contents Preface 1. Introduction 1.1. Linear and Nonlinear Optical Responses from Materials 1.2. Material Characterization by Sum Frequency Generation 1.3. Modern Surface Science and Surface Probes 1.4. Sum Frequency Spectroscopy for Surfaces and Interfaces 1.5. Early Development of Second Harmonic and Sum Frequency Generation as Viable Surface Analytical Tools References 2. Basic Theory of Sum Frequency Generation 2.1. Sum Frequency Generation from a Semi-infinite Medium 2.2. Electric-Quadrupole Nonlinear Response of a Medium 2.3. Symmetry and Characteristics of Surface Nonlinear Susceptibility 2.4. Surface Sum Frequency Spectroscopy 2.5. Information Content of Surface Nonlinear Susceptibility 2.6. Signal Strength of Sum Frequency Generation from a Surface Layer 2.7. Summary References 3. Experimental Considerations on Sum Frequency Spectroscopy 3.1. General Considerations 3.2. Narrowband Scheme 3.3. Broadband Scheme 3.4. Spectral Analysis 3.5. Phase-Sensitive Sum Frequency Spectroscopy 3.6. Time-Resolved Sum Frequency Spectroscopy 3.7. Summary and Prospects References 4. Sum Frequency Spectroscopy for Bulk Characterization 4.1. Probing Bulk Structure and Phase Transition by Second Harmonic Generation 4.2. Probing Antiferromagnetism by Second Harmonic Generation 4.3. Detection of Charge Current, Spin Current, and Spin-Polarized Current by Second Harmonic Generation 4.4. Bulk Characterization by Second Harmonic and Sum Frequency Spectroscopy 4.5. Summary and Prospects References 5. Sum Frequency Chiral Spectroscopy 5.1. Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy versus Sum Frequency Spectroscopy 5.2. Basic Theory of Chiral Sum Frequency Spectroscopy 5.3. Experimental Considerations 5.4. Chiral Sum Frequency Electronic Spectroscopy 5.5. Chiral Sum Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy 5.6. Second Harmonic Generation as a Chiral Probe 5.7. Sum Frequency Vibrational Spectroscopy for Surface Chirality 5.8. Chiral Sum Frequency Microscopy 5.9. Summary and Prospects References 6. Molecular Adsorption at Surfaces and Interfaces 6.1. General Description on Reflection–Absorption Spectroscopy and SFG Spectroscopy 6.2. Spectroscopic Detection of Adsorbates 6.3. Determination of Molecular Orientation at an Interface 6.4. Adsorption Isotherm 6.5. Competitive Adsorption and Co-adsorption 6.6. Surfactant Monolayers 6.7. Surface Reactions 6.8. Summary and Prospects References 7. Interfacial Structures of Bulk Materials 7.1. General Considerations 7.2. Interfaces of Crystalline Solids 7.2.1. Surfaces in Ultrahigh vacuum 7.2.2. Surface phonons 7.2.3. Complement to X-ray determination of surface structures 7.2.4. Interfaces of heterostructures 7.2.5. Miscellaneous 7.3. Interfacial Structures of Liquids 7.3.1. Polar liquids 7.3.2. Nonpolar liquids 7.3.3. Surface freezing 7.4. Liquid Crystals 7.5. Ionic Liquids 7.6. Summary and Prospects References 8. Interfaces of Water and Ice 8.1. General Considerations 8.2. Neat Water/Air Interfaces 8.3. Ions Emerging from Solutions at Water/Vapor Interfaces 8.4. Is the Pure Water/Vapor Interface Acidic or Basic? 8.5. Water Exposed to Insoluble Gas Atmosphere 8.6. Ions Emerging at Water Interfaces under Nonionic Surfactant Monolayears 8.7. Water Interfaces under Charged Surfactant Monolayers 8.8. Water/Liquid Interfaces 8.9. Water/Oxide Interfaces 8.10. Electrochemical Interfaces of Water 8.11. Ice Interfaces 8.11.1. Reflected SF vibrational spectra from ice interfaces 8.11.2. Surface melting of ice 8.12. Ferroelectric Ice Films 8.13. Summary and Prospects References 9. Polymer Interfaces 9.1. General Considerations 9.2. Polymer-Air Interfaces 9.3. Polymer-Water Interfaces 9.4. Polymer/Solid Interfaces 9.5. Surface Treatment of Polymers 9.5.1. Wet etching 9.5.2. Plasma treatment 9.5.3. UV irradiation 9.5.4. Mechanical rubbing 9.6. Summary and Prospects References 10. Biological Interfaces 10.1. General Considerations 10.2. Biomolecules at Interfaces 10.3. Biomembranes (Lipid Bilayers) 10.4. Summary and Prospects References 11. Miscellaneous 11.1. Interfaces of Colloidal Particles 11.2. Ultrafast Surface Dynamics 11.3. SHG/SFG Microscopy 11.4. Device Probing References 12. Prospects Index