Nutrition: Science and Applications, 4e WileyPLUS NextGen Card with Loose-Leaf Print Companion Set

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There are two WileyPLUS platforms for this title, so please note that you should purchase this version if you course code starts with an "A". This packages includes a loose-leaf edition of Nutrition: Science and Applications, 4th edition, a new WileyPLUS registration code, and 6 months access to the eTextbook (accessible online and offline). For customer technical support, please visit http://www.wileyplus.com/support. WileyPLUS registration cards are only included with new products. Used and rental products may not include valid WileyPLUS registration cards. Nutrition: Science and Applications, 4th Edition helps students develop the scientific understanding to support their personal and professional decisions. Using a critical thinking approach, Smolin brings nutrition out of the classroom and allows students to apply the logic of science to their own nutrition concerns - both as consumers and as future scientists and health professionals. Cover Title Page Copyright Page About the Authors Dedication Preface Acknowledgments Brief Contents Contents 1 Nutrition: Food for Health Nutrition, Food Choices, and the American Diet Why We Eat What We Eat Food in 21st-Century America How Healthy Is the American Diet? Food Provides Nutrients The Six Classes of Nutrients What Nutrients Do Nutrition and Health How Undernutrition Affects Health How Overnutrition Affects Health How Our Diets Interact with Our Genetic Makeup How to Choose a Healthy Diet DEBATE Is There a “Best” Diet for You? The Science Behind Nutrition The Scientific Method How Scientists Study Nutrition SCIENCE APPLIED How Epidemiology Led to Dietary Recommendations for Heart Disease CRITICAL THINKING Early Science Ethical Concerns in Scientific Study Evaluating Nutrition Information Does It Make Sense? What’s the Source? Is It Based on Good Science? OFF THE LABEL Beware of Misleading Claims Has It Stood the Test of Time? Outcome Summary 2 Nutrition Guidelines: Applying the Science of Nutrition The Development of Nutrition Recommendations Early U.S. Dietary Recommendations A Shift in the Focus of Dietary Guidance DEBATE How Involved Should the Government Be in Your Food Choices? Dietary Reference Intakes Recommendations for Nutrient Intake Recommendations for Energy Intake Applications of the Dietary Reference Intakes The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015–2020 What Are the Dietary Guidelines? Follow a Healthy Eating Pattern Shift to Healthier Choices Support from All Segments of Society MyPlate: Putting the Dietary Guidelines into Practice Understanding the MyPlate Messages How to Use MyPlate CRITICAL THINKING Fitting Foods, Meals, and Diets onto MyPlate Food and Supplement Labels Food Labels OFF THE LABEL Using Food Labels to Choose Wisely Dietary Supplement Labels Understanding Label Claims What Must Be Labeled? Other Nutrition Guidelines The Healthy People Initiative Choice (Exchange) Lists for Meal Planning Recommendations from Special Interest Groups Assessing Nutritional Health How to Assess an Individual’s Nutritional Status How the Nutritional Health of a Population Is Assessed SCIENCE APPLIED NHANES: A Snapshot of America’s Nutritional Health Outcome Summary 3 Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism Food Becomes Us Atoms Form Molecules Cells Form Tissues and Organs Organs Cooperate as Organ Systems The Digestive System Organs of the Digestive System Digestive Secretions How Gastrointestinal Activity Is Regulated Digestion and Absorption The Mouth The Pharynx The Esophagus The Stomach The Small Intestine The Large Intestine The Gastrointestinal Tract and Health The Intestinal Microbiota Immune Function: How Our Gut Protects Us DEBATE Should You Be Gluten Free? Common Digestive Complaints OFF THE LABEL Antacids: Learning the Drug Facts SCIENCE APPLIED Discovering What Causes Ulcers The Digestive System Throughout Life CRITICAL THINKING How Gastrointestinal Problems Can Affect Nutrition Delivering Nutrients to Body Cells Why the Cardiovascular System Is Important in Nutrition The Roles of the Lymphatic System How Nutrients Enter Body Cells Metabolism of Nutrients: An Overview Anabolism and Catabolism Producing ATP Synthesizing New Molecules Elimination of Metabolic Wastes The Respiratory System and Skin The Kidneys Outcome Summary 4 Carbohydrates: Sugars, Starches, and Fiber Carbohydrates in Our Food How Refined and Unrefined Carbohydrates Differ DEBATE Should You Avoid High-Fructose Corn Syrup? Why We Should Limit Added Sugars Types of Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates Carbohydrates in the Digestive Tract Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption Lactose Intolerance Fiber in the Digestive Tract Carbohydrates in the Body Carbohydrate Functions Delivering Glucose to Body Cells How Glucose Provides Energy What Happens When Carbohydrate Is Limited? Carbohydrates and Health Diabetes Mellitus SCIENCE APPLIED How the Discovery of Insulin Made Diabetes Treatable Hypoglycemia Dental Caries Carbohydrates and Weight Management Carbohydrates and Heart Disease Fiber and Bowel Health Fiber and Colon Cancer Meeting Recommendations for Carbohydrate Intake Carbohydrate Recommendations Translating Recommendations into Healthy Diets CRITICAL THINKING Becoming Less Refined OFF THE LABEL What Does the Ingredient List Tell You about Carbohydrates? The Role of Alternative Sweeteners Outcome Summary 5 Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Cholesterol Fats in Our Food Sources of Fat in Our Diet How Dietary Fat Affects Health Types of Lipids Triglycerides and Fatty Acids Phospholipids Sterols Lipids in the Digestive Tract Lipid Transport in the Body How Lipids Are Transported from the Small Intestine How Lipids Are Transported from the Liver SCIENCE APPLIED How a Genetic Disease Led to Treatment for High Blood Cholesterol How Cholesterol Is Eliminated Lipid Functions in the Body Lipids Provide Structure and Lubrication How Lipids Regulate Body Processes How Triglycerides Provide Energy How Fat Is Stored and Retrieved Lipids and Health Cardiovascular Disease DEBATE Coconut Oil: Does a Tablespoon a Day Keep the Doctor Away? Dietary Fat and Cancer Dietary Fat and Obesity Meeting Recommendations for Fat Intake Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations Translating Recommendations into Healthy Diets CRITICAL THINKING Choosing Healthy Fats OFF THE LABEL Making Sure Your Meat Is Lean The Role of Reduced-Fat Foods and Fat Replacers Outcome Summary FOCUS ON Alcohol What’s in Alcoholic Beverages? Alcohol Absorption and Excretion Alcohol Metabolism Alcohol Dehydrogenase Microsomal Ethanol-Oxidizing System Adverse Effects of Alcohol Consumption What Are the Acute Effects of Alcohol Consumption? What Are the Chronic Effects of Alcohol Use? What Defines Alcoholism? Benefits of Moderate Alcohol Consumption 6 Proteins and Amino Acids Protein in Our Food Sources of Protein in Our Diet How Protein Sources Impact the Overall Diet Protein Molecules Amino Acid Structure Protein Structure Protein in the Digestive Tract Protein Digestion Amino Acid Absorption Why Undigested Protein Can Cause Food Allergies Amino Acid Functions in the Body Proteins Are Continually Broken Down and Resynthesized How Amino Acids Are Used to Synthesize Proteins SCIENCE APPLIED How Bacteria Created the Field of Biotechnology Synthesis of Nonprotein Molecules How Amino Acids Provide Energy Functions of Body Proteins How Proteins Provide Structure How Proteins Facilitate and Regulate Body Processes Protein, Amino Acids, and Health Protein Deficiency Protein Excess DEBATE The Highs and Lows of High-Protein Diets OFF THE LABEL Is It Safe for You? Protein and Amino Acid Intolerances Meeting Recommendations for Protein Intake How Protein Requirements Are Determined Protein Recommendations Translating Recommendations into Healthy Diets Vegetarian Diets What Are the Benefits of Vegetarian Diets? Why Some Nutrients Are at Risk of Deficiency in Vegetarian Diets CRITICAL THINKING Choosing a Healthy Vegetarian Diet How to Plan A Healthy Vegetarian Diet Outcome Summary 7 Energy Balance and Weight Management Body Weight and Health Why Are We Getting Fatter? How Excess Body Fat Affects Health Health Implications of Being Underweight Guidelines for a Healthy Body Weight Body Mass Index Body Composition How Location of Body Fat Affects Health Risk Exploring Energy Balance Energy In: Calories Consumed in Food OFF THE LABEL How Many Calories in That Bowl, Box, or Bottle? Energy Out: Calories Used by the Body Storing Energy and Using Energy Stores Estimating Energy Requirements How Energy Expenditure Is Measured How to Calculate EER What Determines Body Size and Shape? Genes versus Environment How Food Intake and Body Weight Are Regulated Why Some People Gain Weight Easily SCIENCE APPLIED Leptin: Discovery of an Obesity Gene Weight Management Who Would Benefit from Weight Loss? Weight-Loss Goals Why Maintaining Weight Loss Is Challenging An Ideal Weight-Management Program Managing America’s Weight Suggestions for Weight Gain Approaches to Weight Loss CRITICAL THINKING Balancing Energy: Genetics and Lifestyle Methods to Reduce Energy Intake Weight-Loss Drugs and Supplements Bariatric Surgery DEBATE Is Surgery a Good Solution to Obesity? Outcome Summary FOCUS ON Eating Disorders What Are Eating Disorders? What Causes Eating Disorders? The Role of Genetics Psychological Characteristics Sociocultural Factors Anorexia Nervosa Psychological Issues Behaviors Associated with Anorexia Nervosa Physical Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment Bulimia Nervosa Psychological Issues Behaviors Associated with Bulimia Nervosa Physical Complications of Bulimia Nervosa Treatment Binge-Eating Disorder Eating Disorders in Special Groups Eating Disorders in Men Eating Disorders During Pregnancy Eating Disorders in Children Eating Disorders in Athletes Eating Disorders and Diabetes Preventing and Getting Treatment for Eating Disorders How to Recognize Those at Risk How to Get Help for a Friend or Family Member Reducing the Prevalence of Eating Disorders 8 The Water-Soluble Vitamins What Are Vitamins? Vitamins in Our Diet DEBATE Super-Fortified Foods: Are They a Healthy Addition to Your Diet? Absorption, Storage, and Excretion of Vitamins What Vitamins Do Meeting Vitamin Needs Thiamin Thiamin in the Diet How Thiamin Functions in the Body Thiamin Deficiency Recommended Thiamin Intake Thiamin Toxicity and Supplements Riboflavin Riboflavin in the Diet How Riboflavin Functions in the Body Riboflavin Deficiency Recommended Riboflavin Intake Riboflavin Toxicity and Supplements Niacin Niacin in the Diet SCIENCE APPLIED Pellagra: Infectious Disease or Dietary Deficiency? How Niacin Functions in the Body Niacin Deficiency Recommended Niacin Intake Niacin Toxicity and Supplements Biotin Biotin in the Diet How Biotin Functions in the Body Biotin Deficiency Recommended Biotin Intake Biotin Toxicity Pantothenic Acid Pantothenic Acid in the Diet How Pantothenic Acid Functions in the Body Pantothenic Acid Deficiency Recommended Pantothenic Acid Intake Pantothenic Acid Toxicity Vitamin B6 Vitamin B6 in the Diet How Vitamin B6 Functions in the Body Vitamin B6 Deficiency How Vitamin B6 Status Is Related to Cardiovascular Disease Recommended Vitamin B6 Intake Vitamin B6 Toxicity and Supplements Folate (Folic Acid) Folate in the Diet and the Digestive Tract How Folate Functions in the Body Folate Deficiency Recommended Folate Intake Meeting Folate Needs CRITICAL THINKING Meeting Folate Recommendations Folate Toxicity Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12 in the Diet Vitamin B12 in the Digestive Tract How Vitamin B12 Functions in the Body Vitamin B12 Deficiency Recommended Vitamin B12 Intake Vitamin B12 Toxicity and Supplements Vitamin C Vitamin C in the Diet How Vitamin C Functions in the Body Vitamin C Deficiency Recommended Vitamin C Intake Vitamin C Toxicity and Supplements Choline and Other Vitamin-Like Compounds Outcome Summary 9 The Fat-Soluble Vitamins Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Our Diet Vitamin A Sources and Functions Vitamin A in the Diet Vitamin A in the Digestive Tract How Vitamin A Functions in the Body Meeting Vitamin A Needs Vitamin A Deficiency DEBATE Combating Vitamin A Deficiency with Golden Rice CRITICAL THINKING How Much Vitamin A Is in Your Fast-Food Meal? Recommended Vitamin A Intake Vitamin A Toxicity and Supplements Vitamin D Vitamin D in the Diet How Vitamin D Functions in the Body Vitamin D Deficiency Recommended Vitamin D Intake Meeting Vitamin D Needs Vitamin D Toxicity Vitamin E Vitamin E in the Diet How Vitamin E Functions in the Body Vitamin E Deficiency Recommended Vitamin E Intake Vitamin E Toxicity and Supplements Vitamin K Vitamin K in the Diet How Vitamin K Functions in the Body Vitamin K Deficiency Recommended Vitamin K Intake Vitamin K Toxicity and Supplements SCIENCE APPLIED Saving Cows, Killing Rats, and Surviving Heart Attacks Vitamin/Mineral Supplements Who Needs Vitamin/Mineral Supplements? Choose Supplements with Care OFF THE LABEL Read the Label Before You Supplement Outcome Summary FOCUS ON Phytochemicals Phytochemicals in Our Food Carotenoids Flavonoids Indoles, Isothiocyanates, and Alliums Phytoestrogens How to Choose a Phytochemical-Rich Diet Eat More Fruits and Vegetables Make Half Your Grains Whole Choose Plant Proteins Added versus Naturally Occurring Phytochemicals 10 Water and the Electrolytes Water: The Internal Sea How Water Functions in the Body How Water Is Distributed Throughout the Body Water Balance Water Intake Water Losses Water Deficiency: Dehydration Water Intoxication: Overhydration Recommended Water Intake DEBATE Is Bottled Water Better? Electrolytes: Salts of the Internal Sea Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride in Our Food How Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride Function in the Body How Electrolyte Balance Is Regulated Electrolyte Deficiency Electrolyte Toxicity Hypertension What Causes Hypertension? Factors That Affect the Risk of Hypertension How Diet Affects Blood Pressure Healthy Electrolyte Intakes SCIENCE APPLIED A DASH to Heart Health Recommended Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium Intakes Choosing a Dietary Pattern to Lower Blood Pressure CRITICAL THINKING DASHing a Diet OFF THE LABEL Look for Less Sodium and More Potassium Outcome Summary 11 Major Minerals and Bone Health What Are Minerals? Minerals in Our Diet Understanding Mineral Needs Minerals, Osteoporosis, and Bone Health Bone Structure, Formation, and Breakdown Osteoporosis SCIENCE APPLIED Bone: Lost in Space How to Prevent and Treat Osteoporosis CRITICAL THINKING Osteoporosis Risk DEBATE Are Supplements a Safe Way to Meet Your Calcium Needs? Calcium (Ca) Calcium in the Diet Calcium in the Digestive Tract How Calcium Functions in the Body Calcium Deficiency Recommended Calcium Intake Meeting Calcium Needs OFF THE LABEL How Much Calcium Is in Your Yogurt? Excessive Calcium Phosphorus (P) Phosphorus in the Diet Phosphorus in the Digestive Tract How Phosphorus Functions in the Body Phosphorus Deficiency Recommended Phosphorus Intake Excessive Phosphorus Magnesium (Mg) Magnesium in the Diet Magnesium in the Digestive Tract How Magnesium Functions in the Body Magnesium Deficiency Recommended Magnesium Intake Magnesium Toxicity and Supplements Sulfur (S) Outcome Summary 12 The Trace Minerals Trace Minerals in Our Diet Iron (Fe) Sources and Functions Iron in the Diet Iron in the Digestive Tract How Iron Homeostasis Is Regulated How Iron Functions in the Body Meeting Iron Needs Iron Deficiency Recommended Iron Intake Iron Toxicity CRITICAL THINKING Increasing Iron Intake and Uptake How to Get Enough Iron Zinc (Zn) Zinc in the Diet Zinc in the Digestive Tract How Zinc Functions in the Body Zinc Deficiency Recommended Zinc Intake Zinc Toxicity Zinc Supplements Copper (Cu) Copper in the Diet Copper in the Digestive Tract How Copper Functions in the Body Copper Deficiency Recommended Copper Intake Copper Toxicity Manganese (Mn) How Manganese Functions in the Body Manganese Deficiency and Toxicity Recommended Manganese Intake Selenium (Se) Selenium in the Diet How Selenium Functions in the Body Selenium Deficiency Recommended Selenium Intake Selenium Toxicity and Supplements DEBATE Antioxidant Supplements: Helpful or Harmful? Iodine (I) Iodine in the Diet How Iodine Functions in the Body Iodine Deficiency OFF THE LABEL Should You Choose Salt Labeled “Iodized”? Recommended Iodine Intake Iodine Toxicity Chromium (Cr) Chromium in the Diet How Chromium Functions in the Body Chromium Deficiency Recommended Chromium Intake Chromium Supplements and Toxicity Fluoride (F) Fluoride in the Diet SCIENCE APPLIED How “Colorado Brown Stain” Led to “Look, Mom! No Cavities!” How Fluoride Functions in the Body Fluoride Deficiency Recommended Fluoride Intake Fluoride Toxicity Molybdenum (Mo) Other Trace Elements Outcome Summary FOCUS ON Dietary Supplements What Is a Dietary Supplement? Dietary Supplement Labels Regulation of Dietary Supplements Nutrient Supplements Vitamins and Minerals Supplemental Carbohydrate Protein and Amino Acid Supplements Supplements of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Substances Made in the Body Enzyme Supplements Hormone Supplements Coenzyme Supplements Supplements Containing Structural and Regulatory Molecules Phytochemical Supplements Carotenoids Flavonoids Herbal Supplements Ginkgo Biloba St. John’s Wort Ginseng Garlic Echinacea Saw Palmetto Kava 13 Nutrition and Physical Activity Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health How Physical Activity Improves Fitness How Physical Activity Benefits Health Physical Activity Recommendations What to Look for in a Fitness Program Physical Activity Recommendations for Children How to Create an Active Lifestyle Exercise and Energy Metabolism How Exercise Duration Affects Metabolism How Exercise Intensity Affects Metabolism Why Training Increases Aerobic Capacity Energy and Nutrient Needs for Physical Activity Energy Needs Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Needs Vitamin and Mineral Needs CRITICAL THINKING Getting Enough Protein Fluid Needs for Physical Activity How Dehydration Affects Health and Performance Why Heat-Related Illness Is a Concern for Athletes Causes and Consequences of Hyponatremia Recommended Fluid Intake for Exercise DEBATE Energy Drinks for Athletic Performance? Food and Drink to Maximize Performance Maximizing Glycogen Stores What to Eat Before Exercise What to Eat During Exercise What to Eat After Exercise OFF THE LABEL What Are You Getting from That Sports Bar? Ergogenic Aids: Do Supplements Enhance Athletic Performance? Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Supplements to Build Muscle Supplements to Enhance Performance in Short, Intense Activities SCIENCE APPLIED EPO: Lifesaver and Scandal Supplements to Enhance Endurance How Diet and Supplements Affect Performance Outcome Summary 14 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation The Physiology of Pregnancy Prenatal Growth and Development What Changes Occur in the Mother? Discomforts of Pregnancy Complications of Pregnancy The Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy Energy Needs During Pregnancy Protein, Carbohydrate, and Fat Recommendations Water and Electrolyte Needs Micronutrient Needs During Pregnancy SCIENCE APPLIED Folate: Reducing Birth Defects through Fortification Meeting Nutrient Needs with Food and Supplements CRITICAL THINKING Nutrient Needs for a Successful Pregnancy Factors That Increase the Risks of Pregnancy Maternal Nutritional Status Maternal Health Status Socioeconomic Factors Exposure to Toxic Substances Lactation Milk Production and Letdown How Lactation Affects Maternal Nutrient Needs The Nutritional Needs of Infancy Energy Needs During Infancy Fat Recommendations Carbohydrate Intake Protein Requirements Water Needs DEBATE DHA-Fortified Infant Formulas Micronutrient Needs of Infants Infant Growth and Nutritional Status Feeding the Newborn Meeting Nutrient Needs with Breast-Feeding Meeting Nutrient Needs with Bottle-Feeding Outcome Summary 15 Nutrition from Infancy to Adolescence Starting Right for a Healthy Life What Are American Children Eating? How Poor Food Choices Are Impacting Children’s Health Healthy Eating Is Learned for Life Nourishing Infants, Toddlers, and Children Monitoring Growth Nutrient Needs of Infants and Children Meeting Infants’ and Children’s Nutrient Needs SCIENCE APPLIED Vitamin D: From Cod Liver Oil to Fortified Milk Nutrition and Health Concerns in Infants and Children Food Allergies and Intolerances Dental Caries Diet and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Lead Toxicity Childhood Obesity CRITICAL THINKING Undernutrition May Accompany Overnutrition Adolescents The Changing Body: Sexual Maturation Nutrient Needs of Adolescents DEBATE Will Banning Soda from Schools Reduce Obesity? Meeting Adolescents’ Nutrient Needs Special Concerns of Teenagers How Vegetarian Diets Affect Nutritional Health Eating for Appearance and Performance Oral Contraceptive Use Teenage Pregnancy Tobacco Use Alcohol Use Outcome Summary 16 Nutrition and Aging: The Adult Years What Is Aging? SCIENCE APPLIED Eat Less—Live Longer? How Long Can Americans Expect to Live? How Long Can Americans Expect to Be Healthy? What Causes Aging? Programmed Cell Death Wear and Tear How Genetics, Environment, and Lifestyle Interact Aging and the Risk of Malnutrition How Physiological Changes Affect the Risk of Malnutrition Why Medical Conditions Contribute to Malnutrition How Economic, Social, and Psychological Factors Affect Nutritional Status Nutritional Needs and Concerns of Older Adults Energy and Macronutrient Needs Micronutrient Needs Keeping Older Adults Healthy Maintaining a Healthy Weight How to Plan a Healthy Diet for Older Adults DEBATE Are Herbal Supplements Helpful or Harmful? Physical Activity for Older Adults How to Prevent Food Insecurity CRITICAL THINKING Averting Malnutrition Nutrition Programs for the Elderly Outcome Summary 17 Food Safety How Can Food Make Us Sick? What Is Food-Borne Illness? How Does Food Get Contaminated? When Do Contaminants Make Us Sick? Keeping Food Safe What Is the Government’s Role? What Is the Role of Food Manufacturers and Retailers? What Is the Consumer’s Role? Pathogens in Food Bacteria Viruses Molds Parasites Prions How to Reduce the Risk of Microbial Food-Borne Illness Store Food Properly Handle Food Safely Cook Food Thoroughly Food Safety Away from Home Agricultural and Industrial Chemicals in Food CRITICAL THINKING Safe Picnic Choices Risks and Benefits of Pesticides Antibiotics and Hormones in Food DEBATE Should You Go Organic? Contamination from Industrial Wastes How to Choose Wisely to Minimize Agricultural and Industrial Contaminants Technology for Keeping Food Safe How Temperature Keeps Food Safe SCIENCE APPLIED Pasteurization: From Spoiled Wine to Safe Milk How Irradiation Preserves and Protects Food How Packaging Protects Food Food Additives OFF THE LABEL Are All Food Additives Safe for You? Outcome Summary FOCUS ON Biotechnology How Does Biotechnology Work? Genetics: From Genes to Traits Methods of Biotechnology Is Genetic Modification Really New? Applications of Modern Biotechnology How Biotechnology Can Increase Crop Yields How Biotechnology Can Improve Nutritional Quality How Biotechnology Impacts Food Quality and Processing How Biotechnology Is Used in Animal Food Production How Biotechnology Is Used to Combat Disease Safety and Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods Consumer Safety Environmental Concerns Regulation of Genetically Engineered Food Products 18 World Hunger and Malnutrition The Two Faces of Malnutrition The Impact of Undernutrition Overnutrition: A World Health Problem Why Undernutrition and Overnutrition Exist Side by Side Causes of Hunger and Undernutrition Food Shortages DEBATE Are Vegetarian Diets Better for People and for the Environment? Poor-Quality Diets SCIENCE APPLIED Vitamin A: The Anti-Infective Vitamin Eliminating World Hunger Providing Short-Term Food Aid Eliminating Poverty Providing Enough Food Ensuring a Nutritious Food Supply CRITICAL THINKING Can You Have an Impact? Providing Education Hunger at Home Causes of Food Insecurity Federal Programs to Prevent Malnutrition Outcome Summary A. Additional DRI Tables B. Other Government Recommendations C. U.S. Nutrition Recommendations and Guidelines D. Energy Expenditure for Various Activities Glossary References Index EULA