The Pearson Guide to the GPAT And Other Competitive Examinations in Pharmacy 2012-13

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Cover Contents Foreword Preface Module 1: Pharmaceutics Chapter 1: Physical Pharmaceutics Micromeritics and Powder Rheology Fundamental Properties Derived Properties Particle Size and Particle Size Distribution Methods for Particle Size Determination Types of powders according to particle size Air jet sieving method Properties of drug that are affected by particle size and particle size distribution Surface area Surface Area Determination Porosity Types of Density Bulkiness and packaging Powder Flow Property Measurement Hausner ratio Measurement methods Relation between angle of repose and type of flow and type of powder Grades of powder Factors Affecting Flowability Particle shape and surface roughness Density and porosity Hygroscopicity Electrostatic charge Methods of Improvement of Flowability Importance of PS and PSD Compaction, Compression and Consolidation Evalution of compaction Effect of compaction on different factors Moisture and compression Sieve Special terminology used in powder mixing Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon Surface tension (ST) Interfacial tension (IT) Factors affecting ST and IT Determination of ST and IT Adsorption Types of adsorption Adsorption Equilibria Isotherm models Wetting Application Surfactant used for wetting of powder Contact angle Efficiency of wetting agent is measured by Detergency Surfactant (Surface Active Agent) HLB Scale HLB Scale Rheology Flow of Liquid Deformation of Solid Newtonian law of Viscosity Rheogram Temperature and viscosity Arrhenius Equation Non-Newtonian flow Type of Flow Shear dependent and time dependent viscosity Time dependent viscosity Capillary Viscometer Poiseuilli equation State of Matter Gibbs’ Phase Rule One-Component Example Colloids Dispersion Type of Colloids Micelle Micelle structure type DLDO theory (Derijaguin, Landauv, Verwey, Overbeek theory) Stability of colloid Schulze-Hardy rule (for hydrophobic colloid) Hofmeister or lyotropic series (For Hydrophilic colloid) Interaction of Colloids Gold number Tyndall effect Turbidity Electrokinetic Phenomenon Donnan membrane effect Nernst potential (Electro thermodynamic potential) Zeta potential (Electro kinetic potential) Diffusion Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Fick’s First Law Fick’s Second Law Diffusion Cell Chapter 2: Pharmaceutical Engineering (Unit Operation) Size Reduction Specific Objectives Factors affecting size reduction Size Reduction Equipment Mechanism of Size Reduction Size Separation Particle Size Separation by Different Method Standards of Powder Drying Psychrometry Thermodynamic Properties of Air Humidity Measurement Theory of Drying Dryer Equipments (According to its Principle) Crystallization Nucleation The crystal growth Theory of Crystallization (The Miers Super Saturation Theory) Methods to Achieve Super Saturation Evaporation Factors Affecting Evaporation Mixing Definition Objectives Types of Mixtures Mechanism of Mixing Mixing Equipment Homogenizer Filtration Mechanism of Filtration Types of Filtration Filtration Equipment Centrifugation Classification of centrifuge Equipment Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanism Distillation Flow of Fluids Measurement of rate of flow of fluids Chapter 3: Pharmaceutical Technology Preformulation Goal of preformulation Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics Methods to identify polymorphism Properties of polymorphs Crystal Amorphous Compound Clathrates Comparison of Crystalline and Amorphous Forms Comparison of solubility of crystal, solvate and hydrate Importance of Crystallinity in Preformulation Studies Chemical stability Solubility Analysis Intrinsic solubility (Co) Method to determine solubility Ionization constant (pKa) Solubilization Partition coefficient Thermal effect Common ion effect Dissolution Stability Analysis Solid state stability Solution state stability Stress conditions used in preformulation stability assessment Chemical Characteristics Hydrolysis Photolysis Racemization Polymerization Isomerization Decarboxylation Tablet Types of Tablets Disintegrating tablet (conventional or plain tablet) Chewable tablets Effervescent tablets Sublingual and buccal tablets Lozenges Formulation of Tablets Types of Excipients Classification of Lubricants Antiadherents Glidants Binders Classification of binders Direct Compression (DC) Binders Commonly used dc binders Diluents (Filler) Classification of diluents Co-processed diluents List of co-processed excipients Disintegrants Mechanism of tablet disintegration Superdisintegrants Miscellaneous Excipients Wetting agents Dissolution retardants Dissolution enhancers Adsorbents Buffers Coatings Types of flavours Preservatives Chelating agents Colourants Sweeteners Types of sweetners Problems in Tablet Manufacturing Capping The causes and remedies of capping related to machine (dies, punches and tablet press) Lamination/Laminating The causes and remedies of lamination related to formulation (granulation) The causes and remedies of lamination related to machine (dies, punches and tablet press) Chipping The causes and remedies of chipping related to formulation (granulation) The causes and remedies of chipping related to machine (dies, punches and tablet press) Cracking The causes and remedies of cracking related to formulation (granulation) The causes and remedies of cracking related to machine (dies, punches and tablet press) Sticking/Filming The causes and remedies of sticking related to formulation (granulation) The causes and remedies of sticking related to machine (dies, punches and tablet press) Picking The causes and remedies of picking related to formulation (granulation) The causes and remedies of picking related to machine (dies, punches and tablet press) Binding The causes and remedies of binding related to formulation (granulation) The causes and remedies of binding related to machine (dies, punches and tablet press) Mottling The causes and remedies of mottling Double impression The causes and remedies of double impression Problems and Remedies for Tablet Coating Blistering The cause and remedy of blistering Chipping The cause and remedy of chipping Cratering The causes and remedies of cratering Picking The causes and remedies of picking Pitting The cause and remedy of pitting Blooming The cause and remedy of blooming Blushing The causes and remedies of blushing Colour variation The cause and remedy of colour variation Orange peel/Roughness The causes and remedies of orange peel/roughness Cracking/Splitting The cause and remedy of cracking/splitting Quality Control Tests for Tablets Size and shape Weight variation Weight variation USP Weight variation IP/BP Organoleptic properties Content uniformity Mechanical strength of the tablets Friability (official in USP) Hardness or crushing strength Tensile strength Brittle fracture index (BFI) Disintegration Disintegration time Dissolution Interpretation Tests for coated tablets In–process quality control test Granulation Wet granulation Fluid Bed Spray Granulators Fluidized bed drywer (FBD) Compression machine Tablet Coating Process Objectives of coating Film coating method Film Formers Non-enteric materials Enteric materials Plasticizers in film Opaquant-Extender Coaters Standardized coating pan Perforated coating pan Fluidized bed coater Capsule Hard Gelatin Capsule (Dry Filled Capsule) Physical Specification for HSG Composition Gelatin Functions Solubility limit for empty capsules Steps of Manufacuring of Hard Gelatin Capsule Shell Filling of Capsule Steps Dosing of Fill Material Direct filling method Indirect filling method Imprinting Capsule weighing machine Finishing Soft Gelatin Capsule (Soft gel/Soft Elastic Capsule/Wet Filled Capsule) Composition of Soft Gelatin Capsule Shell Hardness of soft gelatin capsule shell Preparation Capsule washing Parenterals Definition Pharmacopeial storage conditions IP terminology for solubility Types of water–USP Formulation additives for parenterals Anti-microbacterial preservatives Anti oxidants Types of operations to be carried out in the various grades for terminally sterilized products Types of operations to be carried out in the various grades for aseptic preparation Types of glass: mainly composed of silicon dioxide Evaluation of parenteral products Selection of sample size in sterility testing Air control–HEPA filter Freeze–drying (Lyophilization) Aerosols Advantages Disadvantages Components of Aerosol Propellant Types of Inhalation Devices Metered dose inhalers Nebulizers Jet nebulizers Ultrasonic nebulizers Dry powder inhalers Propellant filling method Finished Product Specification Flammability and combustibiliy Physicochemical characteristics Concentration-propellant ratio Leakage Sterilization and Disinfectants Autoclaving Condition Mechanical Method of Sterilization Various Method of Sterilization and its Principle and Application Gaseous Method Radiation method HEPA filter efficiency test Validation of various methods of Sterilization Chemical Anti-microbials Mechanisms of action of chemical agents Assessing Antimicrobial Efficacy Phenol coefficient Filter paper method Use-dilution test Chapter 4: Dispensing Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Calculation Volume Measure Avoirdupois Weight Apothecaries Weight Relation House Hold Measures Calculation Type A–Percentage Solution Calculation Type B–Alcohol Strength Expression Calculation Type C–Stock Solution/Con-centration Solution Calculation Type D–Alligation Rectangle or Alternate Method Alligation Medical Formula Calculation Type E–Isotonicity Based Calculation Type F–Posology Microencapsulation Uses Methods Co-acervation Phase Separation Method Liquid and Semisolid Dosage Forms Suspension Advantages Settling in suspension–stokes law Sedimentation volume Degree of flocculation Flocculation and deflocculation Suspension in structured vehicle Suppositories Types Types of suppositories base Methods of preparation Evaluation test Ointment Ointment bases Method of preparations Creams Types of creams Methods of preparation of creams Pastes Types of pastes Bases for pastes Jellies/Gels Preservatives Poultices (Cataplasm) Syrup Cap-locking Collodion Linctuses Elixir Formulation Emulsion Advantages Disadvantages Classification Identification Theories of Emusification Physical instability Factors which improve physical instability Bancroft rule Emulgent Preservatives Ostwald Ripening Phenomenon Chapter 5: Biopharmaceutics Absorption of Drug Mechanisms of drug absorption Passive Diffusion Carrier-mediated transport Endocytosits Theories of Dissolution Diffusion Layer Model (Film Theory) Danckwert’s Model (Penetration or Surface Renewal Theory) Interfacial Barrier Model (Double Barrier or Limited Solvation Theory) Types of Models of Mechanism of Drug Release Interpretation of Dissolution Profile Comparision Biowaivers Official dissolution test Conditions (for all in general) Bio Pharmaceutical Classification Class Boundaries of BCS Pharmacokinetics Biological Half-Life Volume of Distribution Volume of distribution (V) Relationship Between t1/2 and V V rarely corresponds to a real volume Renal Clearance Inulin Clearance Pharmaco Kinetic Models Types of Pharmacokinetics Models Compartmental Models Non-Compartmental Model Advantages of non-compartmental model Disadvantages of non-compartmental model Physiologic Model One compartment open model (Instantaneous distribution model) One compartment open model (Intravenous bolus administration) Elimination rate constant Elimination half-life Apparent volume of distribution Clearance One compartment open model (Intravenous Infusion) Infusion plus loading dose Zero Order Absorption Model Non-Linear Kinetics Tests to detect non-linearity Causes of non-linearity Michaelis Menten Equation Bio-Availability BA is enhanced by Solubility order Consideration in Bioavailability Study Design Measurement of bioavailability Bioequivalence Studies Some relevant terms In-Vitro in-Vivo Correlation Levels of Correlation Level A correlation Level B correlation Level C correlation Multiple level C correlation Various Parameters Used in IVIVC Depending on the Level Stability and ICH Guidelines Stability Purpose of stability study Most important guidelines are ICH (April 1990) Chapter 6: Modern Pharmaceutics Controlled Drug Delivery System Sustained release (SR) Modified release Chrono release Drugs unsuitable for CR Factors Governing the Design of CR Dosage Forms Various Controlled Release–Mechanisms Diffusion Controlled Release System In monolithic-matrix systems Materials Used as Retardants in Matrix Tablet Formulations In reservoir systems Combined reservoir-monolithic systems Dissolution Controlled Release Systems Diffusion and Dissolution Controlled Systems Ion-Exchange Resin Chemically Controlled Systems The polymer degradation takes place by 2 ways Mechanism of Polymer Erosion Mechanism of Drug Release List of biodegradable polymer Magnetically controlled release system Chapter 7: Jurisprudence Schedule to the Act Chapter 8: Cosmetics Preparation Cosmetics Dentifrices Types of Dentifrices Nail Polish Anti-Perspirant Depilatory Preparation Talcum Powder Baby Powder Face Powder Loose Compact Face Powder Cleansing Cream Cold Cream Borax-Bees Wax Cream Vanishing Cream Hair Products Shampoo Chapter 9: Microbiology Definitions Chemical Nature of Immunogens Lipids Types of Antigens Hapten-Carrier Conjugates Superantigens Immunoglobulins–Structure and Function Immunoglobulin (Ig) Basic structure of immunoglobulins Immunoglobulin Fragments: Structure/Function Relationships Human Immunoglobulin Classes and Types Immunoglobulin types Structure and Some Properties of Ig Classes Immunity Innate Immunity Adaptive or Acquired Immunity Cell-mediated Immunity Humoral Immunity Antigen–Antibody Interaction Vaccine types Immuno Sera Toxoids Classification and Identification of Bacteria Cocci Types Of Bacilli Bacilli Types of Bacteria Special Note Staining Methods in Microbiology Few Important Assay Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Procedure Elisa Procedure Western blot Genetic Recombination in Bacteria Transformation Conjugation Transduction Antibiotics—Microbial Assays Units and reference standards Methods of Antibiotics Assay Test Organisms for Antibiotics Assayed Multiple Choice Questions Pharmaceutics Answer Keys Jurisprudence Answer Keys Microbiology Answer Keys Module 2: Pharmacology Chapter 1: Basic Pharmacology Pharmacology and Routes of Administration Drug Orphan drugs Pharmacokinetics Factors affecting absorption Routes of administration Distribution Biotransformation (Metabolism) Active metabolite from active drug Activation of inactive drug Synthetic reactions Excretion Renal excretion Pharmcodynamics Drug action Through enzymes Inhibition of enzymes Physical antagonism Factors modifying drug action Chapter 2: Autonomic Nervous System Characteristics of Muscarinic Receptors Characteristics of Muscarinic Receptors Classification Agonist Action on Cholinergic Receptors Pilocarpine Myasthemia Gravis Diagnosis Test for Myasthemia Gravis Alzheimer’s Disease Glaucoma Pharmacological Actions (Atropine as Prototype) Drugs Affecting Ganglia Effects of Ganglionic Blockers on Organ Function Adrenergic Drugs Adrenergic Receptors Agonist Action of Adrenergic Receptors Therapeutic Classification of Adrenergic Drugs Antiadrenergic Drugs Blockade action of α receptors Side effects of α blockade action Alpha adrenergic blocking agents Phentolamine test Sildenafil Beta Blockers Chapter 3: Endocrine Pharmacology Site and Action of Hormone Receptors Anterior Pituitary Hormones Hyposecretion of GH Oxytocin and Drug Acting on Uterus Uterine Stimulants (Oxytocics, Ecobolics, Abortificiants) Oxytocin = milk ejecting hormone= birth hormone Uterine relaxants (Tocolytics) Thyroid and Para Thyroid Hormones Function of Parathyroid Hormones (Pth) Vitamin D Thyroid hormone Physiological action Metabolism Insulin, Hypoglycaemic Drugs and Glucagon Diabetes Insulin Oral Hypoglycaemics Sulfonyl Ureas Interactions Biguanides Thiazolidinediones α Glucosidase Inhibitors Chapter 4: Central Nervous System Sedative Hypnotics CNS Transmitters and Receptors Sedative and hypnotics drugs Mechanism of Action Action of barbiturates and Benzodiazepines Antiepileptic Drugs Antiepileptic Drugs Interactions Anti Parkinson's Drugs Parkinsonism Dopamine receptors Anti parkinsonian drugs Chapter 5: Chemotherapy Beta Lactam Antibiotics Penicillin Adverse effect Interactions β–lactamase Inhibitors Cephalosporins Cephalsporin drugs Other β–Lactam Antibiotics Monobactams Chloramphenicol Mechanism of action Adverse effects Superinfection results Tetracycline Mechanism of Action Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Mechanism of Action Adverse Effects Interactions Macrolides and Others Antibiotics Mechanism of Action Erythromycin Other Antibiotics Vancomycin Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Action Sulfonamides Silver Sulfadiazine Sulfasalazine Mesalazine (Mesalamine) Cotrimazine Antitubercular Drugs Signs and Symptoms Diagnosis First line treatment regines for tuberculosis in adults Second-line drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis Antileprotic Drugs Drugs Dapsone Adverse Effects Antifungal Drugs Types of Anti-fungal Drugs Polyenes Heterocyclic benzofuran Antimetabolite Azoles Allylamine Antihelmintics Drugs for the Treatment of Helminthic Infections Anti Malarial Drugs Anti Amoebic and Other Antiprotozoal Drugs Drug for Amoebiasis Metroniadzole Diloxanide furoate Drug for Leishmaniasis Sodium Stibogluconate Pentamidine Antiviral Agents NRTIs NNRTIs Protease inhibitors Fusion inhibitors Treatment Considerations for HIV Therapy Mechanism of action Chapter 6: Therapeutic Aspect of Inflammatory Disorders Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Antipyretic–Analgesics A. Non Selective COX inhibitors B. Preferential COX–inhibitors C. Selective COX–2 inhibitors D. Analgesic–antipyretic with poor antiinflammtory activity Actions of NSAIDs Interactions Drugs for Cough Drugs Anti-tussives (Cough center suppressant) Drugs Used in Asthma Asthma Eicosanoids Prostaglandins Prostaglandin antagonists Clinical uses of Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Functions Leukotrienes in asthma Platelet Acitvating Factor (PAF ) Chemistry Chapter 7: Chemotherapy of Cancer Cell Cycle Specificity Anticancer Drugs Cell Cycle Specific (CCS) Hormonally Active Agents Toxicity of Anticancer Drugs Immunosuppressants and Immunomodulating Agents Drugs Cyclosporine Mycophenolate Mofetil Azathioprine Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs) Immunomodulating Agents Cytokines Chapter 8: Drugs Acting on Blood Anti Hypertensive Drugs Drugs Used to Treat CHF Drugs Used to Treat CHF Inotropic Agents Calcium-channel Blockers Cardiac effects Vascular effects Mechanism of action Adverse effects Therapeutic Indications Hypertension Angina Arrhythmias Different Classes of Calcium-channel Blockers Non-dihydropyridines Anti-Anginal Drugs Rationale for Treating Angina Nitrates Beta Blockers Calcium Channel Blockers Anti-Arrhythmic Agent Phase of Cardiac Action Potential Anti-arrhythmic Drugs Class I agents Class II agents Class III agents Class IV agents Other agents (“Class V”) Drugs Affecting Coagulation, Bleeding Time and Thrombosis Blood Clotting Factors and Clotting Events Local haemostatics (Synaptics) Heparin Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Fibrinolytic or Thrombolytics Thrombolytics Antifibrinolytic agents Agents Used in Hyperlipidemia Rationale Use of Hypolipidemic Drugs Hypolipdemic Drugs Statins Resins Diuretics Glumerular filteration Tubular reabsorption of Na+ Diuretic drugs Loop diuretics Thiazide and related diuretics Interactions Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Potassium sparing diuretics Antidiuretc Drug Heavy Metal Intoxication and Chelators Antidiuretics Chapter 9: Drugs for Gastrointestinal Tract Disorder Drugs for Peptic Ulcer H2 blockers Adverse Effects Proton pump inhibitors Prostaglandin analogues Antacids Interactions Colloidal bismuth subcitrate Emetics and Antiemetics Anti-emetics Common Genital Tract Infections and Their Treatment Chapter 10: Pharmacological Drugs Classification Drugs Acting at Autonomic Nervous System Cardio-Vascular Drugs Diuretics Histamine, Serotonin and Ergot Alkaloids Vasoactive Peptide Prostaglandins and Eicosanoids Anti-Asthmatic Drugs Drugs Acting at CNS Opioid analgesic and antagonists Drugs of abuse Drugs Acting on Blood, Inflammation and Gout Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-gout drugs Endocrine Drugs Chemot Herapy Anti Cancer Drugs Alkylating Agents Anti-metabolites Antibiotics Hormones Immunosu Ppres Ants Immunostimulators Drugs Used in Gastrointestinal Disorders Prokinetic agents Multiple Choice Questions Answer Keys Modual 3: Pharmaceutical Chemistry Chapter 1: Physical Chemistry Thermodynamic and Energetics Types of Thermodynamic Systems Open system Closed system Isolated system Properties of Thermodynamics System Intensive properties Extensive properties Thermodynamic equilibrium Process Difference between isothermal and adiabatic process Isobaric process Isochoric process Cyclic process Difference between reversible and irreversible process Laws of Thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy) Second law of thermodynamics Third law of thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics Internal energy or intrinsic energy (E) Enthalpy of a system (H) Thermochemistry Heat of reaction (ΔH) Heat of formation (ΔHf ) Heat of neutralization (ΔHn) Heat of combustion (ΔHc) Heat of solution (ΔHs) Molar Heat Capacity Molar heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) Molar heat capacity at constant volume (Cv) Kirchhoff’s equation Hess’s law of constant heat summation Kinetics of a Reaction Molecularity Order of Reaction Rate Constant Zero Order Reaction First Order Reaction Shelf life Summary of Parameters Unit of order of reaction Pseudo–Zero Order Reaction Pseudo-First Order Reaction Half-life determination method Kinetic Theory of Gases and Solution Chemistry Kinetic Theory Assumptions AboutIdeal Gases Molar volume at STP Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law Colligative Properties Ideal Solutions Comparison between ideal and non-ideal solutions Raoult’s Law Relation between Dalton’s law and Raoult’s law Reverse Osmosis Van’t Hoff Theory of Dilute Solutions Boyle-van’t Hoff law Pressure-temperature law (Gay-Lussac-Van’t Hoff law) Third law Henry’s Law Osmolarity Methods of Expressing The Concentration of a Solution Relationship between normality and molarity Electrochemistry Electrochemical cell Electrolytic cell Basic Terminology Standard calomel electrode (S.C.E.) E.M.F. of the Cell E.M.F. series Acid-Base and Ionic Equilibrium Introduction Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases Limitations of Arrhenius theory Lowry-Bronsted Theory Conjugate acid-base pair Lewis Acid-base Theory Ionization Degree of dissociation (α) Dissociation constant for a weak acid and weak base Ostwald’s Dilution Law Radioactivity Characteristics of α, β and γ rays Types of Nuclear Reactions Chapter 2: Organic Chemistry Atomic Structure The Structure of an Atom Characteristics of protons, neutrons and electrons The distribution of electrons in an atom Electronic configuration of some smallest elements Rules for determining electronic configuration Bonding and Hybridization Bond Types of bonds Electronegativity of an atom Octet rule Electronic Theory Formation of ionic bond Limitations of octet rule Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals and the Shape of Molecules Postulates of the valence bond theory Hybridization Hybridization involves the following steps Need for the concept of hybridization Types of Hybridization Hybridization involving d-orbitals Sigma Bonds Pi Bonds Hybridization Summary Hofmann Rule Saytzeff Rule Markonikov’s Rule Reactive Intermediate in Organic Chemistry Effect of electron donating/withdrawing group on carbocation Effect of electron donating/withdrawing group on carbanion Stereochemistry Structural Isomers Optical isomer (d and l) Absolute configuration (R, S system) Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP system)–R/S Notation Sub-rules Naming from the perspective formula Naming from the Fischer projection Relative configuration (D/L configuration) Cis-Trans system Enantiomer and Distereomer Erythro/Threo Conformation in ethane Stereoselectivity Stereospecificity Stereospecificity in substitution reactions Important Organic Reactions Mechanism Nucleophillic addition reaction Electrophillic addition reaction Aromaticity Criteria for aromaticity Hückel’s rule Annulenes Aromatic carbocyclic compounds Aromatic heterocyclic compounds Relative stabilities Rules for drawing resonance contributors General mechanism for electrophilic aromatic substitution of benzene Orientation General mechanism for nucleophilic aromatic substitution Reactivity Benzyne mechanism or aryne mechanism or benzyne mechanism Rearrangements Mechanism of beckmann rearrangement Mechanism of benzillic acidrear rangement Mechanism of Hofmann rearrangement Some important terminology Woodword–Hoffmann Rules for Electrocyclic Reaction Woodword–Hoffmann Rules for Cycloaddition Reaction Important names of reactions for GPAT and NIPER Chapter 3: Analytical Chemistry Pharmaceutical Analysis Electromagnetic radiation Characteristics of wave Max-Plank equation UV-Visible Spectroscopy (Electronic Spectroscopy) Energy value order for transition Instrumentation IR Spectroscopy Selection rule in IR Factors affecting vibration frequency NMR Spectroscopy Population Densities of Nuclear Spin States Boltzmann distribution Relaxation Processes Spin-lattice-relaxation Spin-spin-relaxation Coupling constant (J) Magnet Shim Coils Sample Probe RF Coils Chemical shift equivalence Magnetic Equivalence (Spin Coupling Equivalence) Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE) Magic Angle NMR Shielding Mass Spectroscopy Basic principle Maclafferty rearrangement Luminescence Fluorescence and phosphorescence (photoluminescence) Fluorescence Phosphorescence Chemiluminescence Jablonski Diagram (Relaxation Mechanism for Excited State Molecules) Fluorescence (fluorimetry) and phosphorescence (phosphorimetry) X-ray Diffraction Flame Photometry (Flame Emission Spectroscopy) Electro Analytical Methods Chromatography Chromatography terms Chromatogram development technique Introduction Distribution of analytes between phases Band broadening and column efficiency The theoretical plate model of chromatography The rate theory of chromatography Van Deemter plots Gas Chromatography Instrumentation Most common stationary phases Instrumental Components Carrier gas Sample injection port Columns Column temperature Detectors Thermal conductivity detector Electron capture detector HPLC Ion exchange chromatography Principle Cation exchanger Anion exchanger Stationary phase Size Exclusion Chromatography Chiral Chromatography Principle Affinity chromatography Super critical fluid chromatography Thin layer chromatography (TLC) Paper Chromatography Important Table: Pharmaceutical Analysis Important Terminology Fourier transform (F.T.) concept Titrimetic Analysis Standards Primary standards Secondary standards Types of volumetric titrations Back titration Types of titrations Method Precipitation Titration Detection of end point The chemical types are also classified into: Indicators reacting with the titrant Adsorption indicators Principle of adsorption Non-aqueous titration Non-aqueous solvents Gravemetric Analysis Steps involved in gravemetric analysis Chapter 4: Biochemistry Carbohydrates Classification of carbohydrates Types of polysaccharides Amino Acids and Proteins Chemical nature of the amino acids Acid-base properties of the amino acids Optical properties of the amino acids Peptide bond Proteins Structure of proteins Lipids Saponification value Acid value Iodine value Rancidity Nucleoside and Nucleotide Structure and Nomenclature Chargaff’s rules Protein Synthesis The Genetic Code Properties of genetic codes Myoglobin Hemoglobin Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid Vitamin B6 Biotin Cobalamin Folic acid Ascorbic acid Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Chapter 5: Medicinal Chemistry Drugs Acting on Ans Adrenergic System Direct acting agent General structure: Indirect acting agent Sympathomometic agent with mix mechanism of action α-Adrenergic Antagonist b-Adrenergic antagonist-Chemical classification: Cholinergic System Synthesis and destruction of ach Acetylcholine receptor Cholinergic agonist Classification Anti-Cholinesterase Pyridostigmine Anti-cholinergic agent Drug Acting On CVS Anti-anginal agent Antihyperlipidemic Drugs Bile acid binding resin Anti-arrythmic agent Anti-hypertensive agent Drugs Acting on CNS Benzodiazepine: General Structure Triazolobenzodiazepine Drug Newer benzodiazepine Drug Local anesthetics Nsaids Anti-Psychotic drugs (neuroleptic, major tranquillizer) Anti-depressent Narcotic-analgesic (Opioid analgesic) SAR for Morphine like drugs Chemotherapy Antibiotics β-Lactam Antibiotics-Penicillin and Cephalosporin Penicillin Stereochemistry and IUPAC of β-Lactam ring Classification Cephalosporin Source: Cephalosporium Acremonium Macrolide Antibiotics Sources: Actinomycetes Chloramphenicol Sources: Streptomyces Venezuelae Aminoglycoside Chemistry Streptomycin Neomycin Paramomycin Amikacin Gentamycin Netilmycin Anti bacterial Spectrum Mechanism of action Adverse Effect Tetracycline Miscellaneous Class Antibiotics Lincomycin and Clindamycin Anti amoebic agent Anti Malarial Agents Classification Bigunides Sulphone and sulphonamide Second line Agent Causes of cancer Tumor Chlorambucil Nitrosourea derivative Aziridines Antimetabolite agent Vidrabine Metabolism Bleomycin Mitomycin C Mithramycin Plant Products Hormones and Their antagonists Signal tranduction inhibitors Immunotherapy Interferon α-2a/2b Hydroxy Urea Enzyme as an anticancer Steroids Nomenclature and numbering of some steroids Nomenclature of steroids Stereochemistry Classification of Steroid Biosynthesis of steroidal hormones Sex Hormone: Oestrogen Synthesis of Estriol Progestin (Gestagens) Androgen and anabolic agent Androgenic/Male Sex Characteristic Anabolic/Muscle building activity SAR Metabolism Testolactone Anti Androgen Oral Contraceptive Vaginal Contraceptive Interceptive/Abortifacients Miscellaneous contraceptive methods SAR Minerocorticoids Glucocrticoids Contraindication Chapter 6: Inorganic Chemistry 1. Topical Preparation Astringent Demulcent Emolient Adsorbent 2. Inorganic Gases Dental Preparation 3. Gastro Intestine Agents 4. Protective and Adsorbents 5. Saline Cathartics 6. Acid Base and Buffers Antidotes Miscellaneous Agent Chapter 7: NIPER Special Isosteres Langmuir Grimm-(Hydride Displacement Law) Hydride Displacement Law Bio-Isosterism Friedmann Application of CD Therma Method of Analysis Instrument Ideal DSC curve Multiple Choice Questions Pharmaceutical Analysis Answer Keys Bio Chemistry Answer Keys Inorganic Chemistry Answer Keys Medicinal Chemistry Answer Keys Organic Chemistry Answer Keys Module 4: Pharmacognosy Chapter 1: Introduction to Pharmacognosy Alkaloids Properties of Alkaloids Biosynthesis of Alkaloidal Drugs Isolation and Extraction of Alkaloids (Stas Otto process) Chemistry of Some Important Alkaloids and Glycosides Tropane alkaloids (Solanaceous alkaloids) Cocaine Cardiac Glycosides (Steroidal Glycosides) Aglycone moiety Flavanoids Biosynthesis of Flavanoids Bio–Flavanoids Flavone Flavonol Flavonone Glycosides Classification By glycone/presence of sugar By type of glycosidic bond By aglycone Terpenoids Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Terpenoids Types of Terpenoids Plant Hormones Abscisic Acid (Dormin) Auxins Cytokinins or zeatin or Kinetin orben zyladenine Ethylene Gibberellins Tissue Culture Plant Tissue Culture Protoplasts Plant organ culture Regeneration of plants Culture Medium Chapter 2: Important Tables of Pharmacognosy Preliminary Phytochemical Screening Trichome Special Points Leaf Constants Stomata index Quantitative microscopy (Lycopodium spore Method) Chapter 3: Pharmacognosy Drug Description Alkaloidal Drugs Indole Alkaloids Isoquinoline and Phenanthrene Alkaloids Tropane Alkaloids Purine Alkaloids Quinoline Alkaloids Phenylethyl Amine Alkaloids Tropolene (Cylcohepta trien-ol-one ring) Alkaloids Imidazole Alkaloids Other Alkaloids Glycosides Drugs Cyanogenetic Glycosides Iso Thio Cynate/Glucosinolate Glycosides Cardiac Glycosides (Steroidal Glycosides) Anthraquinone Glycosides Saponin Gylcosides Flavonol Glycosides Coumarin Glycosides Aldehyde Gylcosides Phenolic Glycosides Bitter Glycosides Terpenoid Drugs Chapter 4: Microscopy and Adulteration of Alkaloids Ergot Sclerotium Nux–Vomica Rauwolfia Adulteration Vinca Ipecacuanha Cinchona Bark Macroscopic Adulteration Kurchi Bark Vasaka Leaves Ephedra Stem Coca Leaves Belladonna Leaves Macroscopic Microscopy Adulteration Microscopy and Adulteration of Glycosides Senna Leaves Microscopy Adulteration Digitalis leaves Microscopy Adulteration Allied drugs Aloe Wild Cherry Bark Microscopy and Adulteration of Terpenoids Cardamom Fruit Macroscopic feature Microscopy Adulterants Clove Macroscopic feature Microscopy Adulterants Cassia Cinnamon Cinnamon Bark Allied drugs Chapter 5: Important Points About Drugs Containing Carbohydrate, Resin and Tannin Carbohydrates Drug Containing Resin Tannin Chemical Classification of Tannins Hydrolysable Tannin Biosynthesis of Tannins Condensed Tannins or Non-Hydrolysable Tannins Multiple Choice Questions Pharmacognosy Answer Keys Modual 5: Solved Papers Solved Papers Gpat 2010 Paper Answer Keys Gpat 2011 Paper Answer Keys Gujarat Drug Inspector Exam Paper—Gpsc—2010 Answer Keys Gujarat Government Leturer Examination in Degree/Diploma Pharmacy College-Gpsc-2010 Paper Answer Keys Upsc Drug Inspector Examination Paper-2011 Answer