Geomagnetic Disturbances Impacts on Power Systems: Risk Analysis and Mitigation Strategies

Description

Geomagnetic Disturbances Impacts on Power Systems: Risk Analysis & Mitigation Strategies provides a full risk assessment tool for assessing power systems confronted geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs) and specifies mitigation opportunities for various stakeholders. “This book deals comprehensively with the threat of solar storms on the world’s power systems. It provides a context to GMDs with respect to other natural hazards, and describes methods to evaluate a particular grid’s risk factors in a straightforward fashion.  This is extremely useful to power grid operators, as they are not experts in the field of space weather, but they must be able to deal with its impacts.  This is the critical message of this extremely valuable book.” – William A. Radasky, Ph.D., P.E., IEEE Life Fellow, Metatech Corporation, California USA Aimed at risk engineers, policy-makers, technical experts and non-specialists such as power system operators, this book seeks to provide an insight into the GMD as a natural hazard and to perform the risk assessment of its potential impacts on the power systems as critical infrastructures. The reader gets familiar with how the Sun can endanger ground-based technological systems and the physics of solar activity manifestation on the Earth as Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs). The reaction of power systems to GMDs and mitigation strategies aiming at reducing and controlling the risks are then addressed. The GMD mitigation strategies, the power systems critical factors analysis, the high-risk zones identification and an estimation of economic loss, which is a valuable input for the (re)insurance sector, are also brought to the attention of the reader. Thereby, this book provides a full risk assessment tool for assessing power systems confronted with space weather risks. Key features: • Brings together interdisciplinary perspectives on the topic in one, cohesive book • Practical guideline on mitigation actions for diverse users and even non-specialists • Dealing comprehensively with the threat of geomagnetic disturbance on the worlds power systems • Introducing unique methods to evaluate a particular system risk factors in a straightforward fashion Authors Olga Sokolova, Ph.D., is a risk analyst and electrical engineer with expertise in the domain of critical infrastructure risk assessment to natural catastrophes. Nikolay Korovkin, Ph.D., is a full professor and head of Theoretic Electrical Engineering Department at Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU). Masashi Hayakawa, Ph.D., is an emeritus professor of the University of Electro-Communications, and also CEO of Hayakawa Institute of Seismo Electromagnetics, Co.Ltd. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Chapter 1: Introduction PART I: Geomagnetic Disturbances Chapter 2: Solar Activity as a Danger to Ground-based Technological Systems 2.1. The Sun and space weather 2.1.1. Cycles of solar activity – Explosive events on the Sun 2.1.2. Solar wind – Density, speed and composition 2.1.3. Magnetosphere – Earth in solar wind 2.2. Physics of geomagnetic disturbances 2.3. Geomagnetically induced currents in ground-based technological systems 2.3.1. Power grids 2.3.2. Railway automatics 2.3.3. Pipelines 2.4. Ground effects of geomagnetic disturbance modeling 2.4.1. Geomagnetic data 2.4.2. Geoelectric field modeling 2.4.3. Geomagnetically induced currents modeling in power grids – Discrete system on the continuous half-space 2.5. Conclusion References Chapter 3: Geomagnetically Induced Currents Observation 3.1. Methods and equipment for the geomagnetically induced current observation 3.2. Worldwide observation of geomagnetically induced currents 3.3. Geomagnetically induced currents observation in north-west of Russia 3.4. Conclusion References PART II: Inside the Power System Chapter 4: Reaction of Power Systems to Geomagnetic Disturbances 4.1. Geomagnetically induced current impact on power system equipment 4.1.1. Power transformers and autotransformers 4.1.2. Synchronous machines 4.1.3. Measurement transformers – Relay protection system 4.1.4. Geomagnetically induced current impact on other power system equipment 4.2. Modern approaches of geomagnetically induced currents integration into the power grid state calculation 4.3. Conclusion References Chapter 5: Mitigation of Negative Geomagnetic Disturbance Impacts on Power Systems 5.1. Definition and principles of power system resiliency 5.2. Forecasting of geomagnetic activity 5.3. Technical actions 5.4. Operational procedures 5.5. Legislative procedures 5.6. Conclusion References PART III: Developing a View of the Geomagnetic Disturbances Risk Chapter 6: Geomagnetic Disturbance as a Perfect Storm 6.1. Natural hazard impact on power system 6.2. Geomagnetic disturbance as a specific natural hazard 6.3. Critical factors 6.3.1. Geomagnetic disturbance parameters 6.3.2. Power system parameters 6.3.2.1. Power system architecture 6.3.2.2. Power system operation state 6.3.2.3. Power system grounding schemes 6.3.3. Power system equipment parameters 6.3.4. Awareness 6.4. High risk zones 6.5. Economic loss estimation 6.6. Insurance perspective 6.7. Conclusion References Chapter 7: Outlook Glossary Index