Sociology: Structure and Change

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Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page Brief Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Author 1 Introduction to Sociology Introduction 1.1 What Is Sociology? The Sociological Imagination Sociology and Social Structure Structure Matters: Loss of Jobs and Wages Agency and Change Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? National Coalition for the Homeless 1.2 Early Sociological Thinkers: The European Influence Auguste Comte Harriet Martineau Karl Marx Émile Durkheim Max Weber Georg Simmel 1.3 Early Sociology in the United States The Chicago School Jane Addams W. E. B. Du Bois 1.4 The Three Major Sociological Paradigms Structural Functionalism The Conflict Perspective Symbolic Interactionism The Relationship of the Three Paradigms to Each Other Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 2 Sociological Research Introduction 2.1 Researching the Social World The Scientific Method and Objectivity in Sociological Research Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods Conducting Sociological Research Choose a Research Topic Develop a Research Question or Questions Review the Literature Formulate a Hypothesis Develop the Research Design Collect Data Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions Disseminate Research Findings 2.2 Types of Sociological Methods Surveys Field Research Unobtrusive Observation Participant Observation Interviews Ethnography Case Studies Secondary Data Analysis Experiments 2.3 Ethics in Sociological Research History of Human Subjects in Research American Sociological Association’s (ASA) Code of Ethics Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? 38 Your Turn: What Can You Do? 38 Essay Questions 3 Culture Introduction 3.1 What Is Culture? The Components of Culture Symbols Language Cultural Transmission The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The Power of Language: Gender and Sexuality Values American Values Global Values Norms Folkways Mores Laws 3.2 Cultural Diversity Subcultures and Countercultures Multiculturalism and Assimilation Structure Matters: Indian Boarding Schools and the Complexities of American Assimilation Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Structure Matters: Asian American Stereotypes in Popular Culture High Culture and Popular Culture Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Taking a Minimalist Approach to Life 3.3 Cultural Change Technology and Cultural Change Globalization and Cultural Change Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Stand Against Racism Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 4 Socialization Introduction 4.1 Socialization and Nurture: Becoming Human The Nature versus Nurture Debate Evidence of Nurture: Harlow’s Rhesus Monkeys The Importance of Nurture: Cases of Isolated Children 4.2 Sociological Theories of the Self Cooley’s Looking-Glass Self George Herbert Mead: The Three Stages of the “I-Me” Self 4.3 Agents of Socialization The Family Parenting Styles across Cultures Socialization by Race and Ethnicity Socialization by Class Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Prevent Child Abuse America School Peer Groups Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Stomp Out Bullying Religion Mass Media Structure Matters: Toys and Gender Socialization Structure Matters: Understanding Fake News 4.4 Resocialization Voluntary Resocialization Involuntary Resocialization Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 5 Social Structure and Interaction Introduction 5.1 Social Structure and Institutions Understanding Social Structure: The Macro Level Family Education and Religion Economic Systems Political and Legal Systems Mass Media Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Representation Project 5.2 Beyond Social Institutions: Components of Social Structure Culture Groups Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Getting Involved Social Class Social Status Social Roles 5.3 Social Interaction: Micro-Level Orientations The Social Construction of Reality Dramaturgy Sociology of Emotions Nonverbal Communication 5.4 Theories of Social Structure and Interaction Symbolic Interactionism: The Thomas Theorem and the Social Creation of Reality Structure Matters: In the Formation of Our Perceptions Structural Functionalism Conflict Theory Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 6 Groups and Organizations Introduction 6.1 What Are Social Groups? Primary and Secondary Groups In-Groups and Out-Groups Reference Groups 6.2 Group Size, Structure, and Interaction Group Size Leadership Styles Influence on Others Group Conformity Solomon Asch’s Research (1952) 109 Stanley Milgram’s Research (1963) Structure Matters: Conformity and Obedience Groupthink Social Capital and Social Networks 6.3 Organizations Voluntary Associations Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Habitat For Humanity Utilitarian, Normative, and Coercive Organizations Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? ASPCA Formal Organizations and Bureaucracy Bureaucracy in Contemporary Society Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control Introduction 7.1 What Is Deviance? Understanding Norms and Sanctions as They Relate to Deviance Cultural Relativism and Deviance 7.2 How Do Sociologists Explain Deviance? Structural Functionalism Symbolic Interactionism: Learning Theories of Deviance Symbolic Interactionism: Labeling Theories of Deviance Conflict Theory The Feminist Perspective: Thinking About Gender and Deviance 7.3 What Is Crime? A Look at Crime Statistics Victimless Crime Structure Matters: Drug Prohibition in the United States Hate Crimes Organized Crime White-Collar Crime Corporate Crime Costs of White-Collar and Corporate Crime Prosecution and Punishment of White-collar and Corporate Crime 7.4 What Is Social Control, and What Forms of Social Control Are Used to Address Crime? Formal Social Control: Police Formal Social Control: Courts Formal Social Control: Prisons Mass Incarceration Explaining Incarceration Rates Structure Matters: Changes in Drug Laws and Incarceration Rates The Death Penalty Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Sentencing Project Community Alternatives to Incarceration Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Centre for Justice and Reconciliation Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 8 Social Class Stratification in the United States Introduction 8.1 What Is Social Stratification? Open and Closed Systems of Stratification Slavery and Caste Systems Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Free the Slaves Class Systems 8.2 Classic Perspectives on Social Class Karl Marx and Social Class Max Weber and Social Class 8.3 Contemporary Class Structure, Inequality, and Poverty in the United States Social Classes in the United States Structure Matters: Representations of the Wealthy in the Media Income Inequality in the United States Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences in Income Inequality Wealth Inequality in the United States Poverty in the United States Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Langston Hughes Club 8.4 The Impact of Poverty and Inequality Food, Environmental Hazards, and Stress Neighborhoods and Housing Education Incarceration Structure Matters: Social Class and Incarceration 8.5 Social Structure and Inequality and Poverty Pathways to Inequality and Poverty Welfare Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 9 Global Stratification Introduction 9.1 What Is Global Stratification, and How Is It Studied? Population and Geographic Size Per Capita Income The “Three Worlds” and “Levels of Development” Approaches Classification of Nations by Income Low-Income Countries Middle-Income Nations High-Income Nations 9.2 Measuring Poverty and Inequality Around the World Worldwide Levels of Absolute Poverty The Gini Coefficient 9.3 Effects of Global Inequality and Poverty Around the World Infant Mortality and Life Expectancy Health, Food Insecurity, and Infectious Diseases Structure Matters: Undernourishment Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Rise Against Hunger Literacy and Education Structure Matters: Gender and Education in Low-Income Nations Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Global Partnership for Education 9.4 Theories of Global Stratification Modernization Theory Dependency Theory Immanuel Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory Neocolonialism Globalization Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 10 Race and Ethnicity Introduction 10.1 Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Society What Is Race and Ethnicity? The Social Construction of Race Dominant and Subordinate Groups 10.2 Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism Distinguishing Between Prejudice and Discrimination The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis on Prejudice Learning Prejudice Merton’s Typology of Prejudice and Discrimination Hate Groups Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Southern Poverty Law Center Color-Blind Racism Double Consciousness 10.3 Institutional Racism in the United States Understanding Institutional Racism Structure Matters: Examples of Institutional Racism Institutional Racism and Education Inequality Institutional Racism and Housing Segregation Institutional Racism and Environmental Inequality Institutional Racism and Politics Structure Matters: Racial Discrimination and Voting Genocide: Institutional Racism in the Extreme Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? United to End Genocide 10.4 Racial Stratification in the United States Income, Poverty, and Wealth Education Levels Health Criminal Justice Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 11 Gender and Sexuality Introduction 11.1 Gender and Sexuality What Is Sex? What Is Gender? Gender Roles and Gender Identity Gender Fluidity 11.2 Gender Socialization Learning Gender Through Parents Learning Gender from Peers Learning Gender in Schools Mass Media and Gender Socialization 11.3 Gender Stratification Gender and Education Gender and the Workplace Gender and Unpaid Labor in the Home Gender, Power, and Government Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Representation 2020 Violence and Harassment Against Women and Girls Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence Structure Matters: Sexual Harassment 11.4 Feminism Basic Goals of Feminism The Three Waves of Feminism Structure Matters: Gender and the Supreme Court 11.5 Sexuality and Stratification Sexual Orientation and Sexual Preference Heterosexism and LGBTQ Discrimination Social Stratification in the LGBTQ Community Employment Discrimination and Poverty 236 Housing 236 Adoption 237 Healthcare Homophobia and Violence Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 12 Family and Intimate Relationships Introduction 12.1 Understanding Family and Marriage Functions of the Family Types of Families Marriage Monogamy and Polygamy Homogamy, Endogamy, and Exogamy Patterns of Descent and Power The Role of Love in Intimate Relationships Structure Matters: Who Can Marry in the United States? 12.2 The Changing Landscape of Marriage and Family Remaining Single Delaying Marriage Cohabitation Having Children Child-free Families Adoption Single-Parent Families Divorce Structure Matters: Divorce Remarriage and Blended Families Same-Sex Marriage and Families 12.3 Dual-Earner Couples, Housework, and Childcare Balancing Work and Family in Heterosexual Families Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Moms Rising Household Labor and Childcare in Same-Sex Marriages 12.4 Violence and Other Challenging Issues in Families Child Maltreatment Domestic Violence Elder Abuse Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Creative Interventions Teenage Pregnancies and Births Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 13 Education Introduction 13.1 Understanding Education Through a Sociological Lens The Manifest Functions of Education The Latent Functions of Education 13.2 Education and Inequality Tracking Standardized Testing The Hidden Curriculum 13.3 Issues and Challenges Facing U.S. Primary and Secondary Schools Public School Funding Structure Matters: Public School Funding School Dropout Rates Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The National Dropout Prevention Center Racial Segregation in Public Schools Structure Matters: Racial Segregation in Public Schools 13.4 School Choice and Alternatives to Traditional Public Schools School Vouchers Charter Schools Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Paulo Freire Freedom Schools 13.5 Issues Facing Colleges and Universities The Rising Costs of Higher Education Gender, Racial, and Ethnic Differences in Educational Enrollment and Attainment Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 14 Religion Introduction 14.1 The Sociological Aspects of Religion The Sacred and the Profane Structure Matters: Social Structure and Religious Practices in the United States Categories of Religion Religious Organizations Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Fellowship of Reconciliation 14.2 World Religions Buddhism Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Buddhist Peace Fellowship Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism 14.3 Religious Trends: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Education Race and Religion Gender, Sexuality, and Religion Education and Religion 14.4 Religion in the United States Religion in the United States: Data and Trends Debates Between Religion and Science Structure Matters: Religion and Public Education: A Struggle Over Boundaries Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 15 The Economy and Work 15.1 The Economy Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Economies Understanding Capitalism Structure Matters: The Assembly Line Capitalism in the United States Socialism Communism Mixed Economies: The Welfare State and Democratic Socialism Capitalism in a Global Economy Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Global March Against Child Labour 15.2 The Structure of Work in the United States Primary and Secondary Labor Markets Job Demand and Skills Underground Economy Part-Time and Contingent Work Self-Employment Unemployment 15.3 The Experience of Work in the United States Labor Unions Structure Matters: The 8-Hour Workday: Brought to You by Labor Unions Job Satisfaction and Employee Engagement 15.4 Inequality in the U.S. Workforce Racial and Ethnic Inequality Gender Inequality Disability Age Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? National Committee on Pay Equity Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 16 Politics and Government Introduction 16.1 Authority, Power, and Government Forms of Authority: Traditional, Charismatic, and Rational-Legal Authority Political Systems Around the World 16.2 Politics in the United States U.S. Political Parties: Past and Present Structure Matters: A History of Political Parties in the United States Party Affiliation in the United States Political Participation Structure Matters: Voting in the United States Voter Apathy Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Project Vote Political Funding Special Interest Groups Political Action Committees Racial and Gender Inequality in Government Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? She Should Run Power and the U.S. Government 16.3 The Military, War, and Terrorism The United States Military Changes in the Military: Race, Gender and Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation War Terrorism Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 17 Health, Medicine, and Aging Introduction 17.1 Health and Inequality The Impact of Age and Sex on Health Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Health Health Inequality in a Global Perspective 17.2 Medicine and Healthcare Structure Matters: The Social Construction of Nutrition Guidelines Western Medicine The Medicalization of American Society Healthcare Health Insurance The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) Healthcare, Medicine, and Inequality The Eugenics Movement and Sterilization Programs The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? WhiteCoats4BlackLives 17.3 Mental Illness and Disability Mental Illness Structure Matters: The Social Construction of Mental Illness Disability Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? Challenged Athletes Foundation (CAF) 17.4 Aging, Death, and Dying The Graying of Society Ageism Poverty and Age Caring for the Elderly Death and Dying Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 18 Population,Urbanization,and the Environment 18.1 Demography: The Study of Population Introduction Fertility Rates Mortality Rates Migration Population Composition Structure Matters: The United States Census 18.2 Explaining the Effects of Population Growth Malthusian Theory Demographic Transition Theory 18.3 Urbanization Types of Cities Growth of Cities: Megacities Problems in Global Cities Problems Faced by U.S. Cities Rural Issues in the United States 18.4 Understanding Urbanization and Life in Cities The Concentric Zone Model Contemporary Urban Ecology Structure Matters: Social Structure and Clean Car Technology Power, Wealth, and Urban Development Urban Life Through a Micro-Level Lens: Simmel, Wirth, and Gans Georg Simmel Louis Wirth 413 Herbert Gans 18.5 The Environment Pollution Resource Depletion Climate Change Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? 350.org Environmental Racism Environmental Racism in the United States Environmental Racism Around the World Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 19 Collective Behavior and Social Movements Introduction 19.1 Collective Behavior Crowds Structure Matters: The War of the Worlds Panic of 1938 Masses Understanding Collective Behavior: Contagion Theories Convergence Theory Emergent Norm Theory 19.2 Social Movements Stages of Social Movements Types of Social Movements Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? The Vegan Society 19.3 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Social Movements Relative Deprivation Theory The Value-Added Approach Resource Mobilization Theory Agents of Change: What Have Others Done? CODEPINK Political Opportunity Theory Structure Matters: Social Movements and Protest in the United States Framing Theory New Social Movement Theory Emotions and Social Movements Summary Agents of Change: What Can You Do? Your Turn: What Can You Do? Essay Questions 445 Glossary References Credits Index