Sensors And Actuators

Description

This introductory compendium teaches engineering students how the most common electronic sensors and actuators work. It distinguishes from other books by including the physical and chemical phenomena used as well as the features and specifications of many sensors and actuators.The useful reference text also contains an introductory chapter that deals with their specifications and classification, a chapter about sensor and actuator networks, and a special topic dealing with the fabrication of sensors and actuators using microelectromechanical systems techniques (sensors and actuators on a chip). A set of exercises and six laboratory projects are highlighted. Contents Preface Chapter 1 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Definition of Sensor and Actuator 1.3 The Domain of Physical Phenomena 1.4 Classification of Sensors and Actuators 1.4.1 Regarding the Energy Source 1.4.2 Regarding the Signal Conditioning 1.4.3 Regarding Reference Value 1.4.4 Regarding Complexity 1.5 Datasheets 1.5.1 Transfer Function 1.5.2 Sensitivity 1.5.3 Range 1.5.4 Accuracy 1.5.5 Precision 1.5.6 Hysteresis 1.5.7 Nonlinearity 1.5.8 Noise 1.5.9 Resolution 1.5.10 Bandwidth 1.5.11 Repeatability 1.5.12 Dead Zone 1.5.13 Saturation 1.6 Questions Chapter 2 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Manufacture 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Use of Silicon 2.2.3 Creation of a silicon dioxide layer by thermal oxidation 2.2.4 Chemical Deposition by Vapor 2.2.5 Photolithography 2.2.6 Bulk Microfabrication 2.2.7 Superficial Microfabrication 2.3 Application Examples 2.4 Questions Chapter 3 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Force, Electric Field, and Voltage 3.3 Concept of Capacity 3.4 Capacitive Displacement Sensor 3.5 Capacitive Acceleration Sensor 3.6 Angular Velocity Sensor (Gyroscope) 3.7 Capacitive Fingerprint Sensor 3.8 Electrostatic Loudspeaker 3.9 Electrostatic MEMS Actuator 3.10 Questions Chapter 4 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Definition of Electric Resistance 4.3 Potentiometric Displacement Sensors 4.4 Dependence of Resistivity with Temperature and Moisture 4.5 Resistive Temperature Detector 4.6 Thermistor 4.7 Integrated Temperature Sensor 4.8 Dependence of Resistivity with Deformation 4.9 Strain Gauge 4.10 Questions Chapter 5 5.1 Magnetic Properties of Materials 5.2 Concept of Magnetic Field 5.3 Magnetic Force 5.4 Stepper Motor 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 Permanent Magnet Motor 5.4.3 Variable Reluctance Motor 5.4.4 Hybrid Motor 5.4.5 Specifications of Stepper Motors 5.5 Hall Effect 5.6 Displacement Sensor using the Hall Effect 5.7 Magnetoresistance 5.8 Magnetostriction 5.9 Magnetostrictive Torque Sensor 5.10 Inductive linear displacement Sensor of variable Air Gap 5.11 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) 5.12 Angular Displacement Sensor (Microsyn) 5.13 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 5.13.1 Introduction 5.13.2 Magnetic Resonance 5.13.3 Excitation and Relaxation 5.13.4 Detection 5.13.5 Image Construction 5.13.6 System 5.14 Questions Chapter 6 6.1 Piezoelectric effect 6.2 Accelerometer 6.2.1 Configurations 6.2.2 Signal Conditioning 6.3 Piezoelectric Temperature Sensor 6.4 Acoustic Waves 6.5 Ultrasound Transducers 6.6 Measuring Distance Using Ultrasound (Sonography, SONAR, etc...) 6.6.1 Introduction 6.6.2 Determining the Distance from the Flight Time 6.6.3 Echography 6.7 Fluid Actuators 6.7.1 Introduction 6.7.2 Most Used Quantities 6.7.3 Hydraulic Circuit 6.7.4 Pneumatic Circuit 6.7.5 Compressors 6.7.6 Hydraulic / Pneumatic Comparison 6.8 Questions Chapter 7 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Thomson Effect 7.3 Peltier Effect 7.4 Seebeck Effect 7.5 Thermocouple 7.6 Peltier Cell 7.7 Joule Effect 7.8 Guckel Thermal Actuator 7.9 Hot Wire Anemometer 7.10 Questions Chapter 8 8.1 Quantities and Units 8.2 Electroluminescence 8.3 Photovoltaic Effect 8.4 LED 8.5 Lighting Using LEDs 8.6 Liquid Crystal Panel 8.7 OLED Panel 8.8 Photoresistor 8.9 Photodiode 8.9.1 Operating mode 8.9.2 Dark Current 8.9.3 Signal Conditioning with a Transimpedance Amplifier 8.9.4 Numerical Example 8.9.5 Directivity 8.9.6 Noise Equivalent Power 8.9.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Operating Modes 8.10 Pyrometers 8.11 Source of X-Rays 8.12 Measurement of the Blood Oxygen Level with a Pulse Oximeter 8.13 Optical Computer Mouse 8.14 Wii Game Console 8.15 X-Ray Computed Tomography 8.16 Multi-touch screen 8.17 Global Positioning System (GPS) 8.17.1 Introduction 8.17.2 Satellites 8.17.3 Trilateration 8.17.4 Measure the Propagation Time of Signals 8.17.5 Carrier-Based Synchronization 8.17.6 Determination of the Propagation Velocity 8.17.7 Satellites Position 8.17.8 Theory of Relativity 8.17.9 Differential System 8.17.10 Wide Area Augmentation System 8.17.11 Specifications 8.18 Questions Chapter 9 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Reduction and Oxidation Reactions 9.3 Galvanic Cell 9.4 Potentiometric Sensor 9.5 Lambda Probe 9.6 Amperometric Sensor 9.7 ChemFET 9.8 Biosensors 9.9 Questions Chapter 10 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Applications 10.2.1 Environmental Monitoring 10.2.2 Healthcare 10.2.3 Logistics 10.2.4 Transportation 10.3 Network Organization 10.4 Energy 10.5 Communication 10.6 Questions Chapter 11 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Displacement 11.3 Temperature 11.4 Force 11.5 Signal Conditioning 11.5.1 Demodulation 11.5.2 Amplification 11.5.3 Linearization 11.6 Questions Chapter 12 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Ultrasound 12.2.1 Introduction 12.2.2 Connecting the Ultrasound Module to a Microcontroller 12.2.3 Programming the Microcontroller 12.2.4 Characterizing the Performance of the Ultrasound Module 12.2.5 Upsetting the Normal Operation of the Distance Measurement System 12.2.6 Material 12.3 Temperature 12.3.1 Introduction 12.3.2 Circuit Assembly 12.3.3 Communication with the Sensor 12.3.4 Activate the Peltier Module 12.3.5 Final Remarks 12.3.6 Material 12.4 Stepper Motor 12.4.1 Introduction 12.4.2 Type of Motor 12.4.3 Connector Identification 12.4.4 Engine Control System 12.4.5 Control Application Development 12.4.6 Number of Motor Steps 12.4.7 Material 12.5 LED and Photodiode 12.5.1 Introduction 12.5.2 Energizing the LED 12.5.3 Photodiode Signal Conditioning 12.5.4 Experimental Setup 12.5.5 Maximum Operating Distance 12.5.6 Photodiode Directivity 12.5.7 Material 12.6 Hall Effect and DC Motor 12.6.1 Introduction 12.6.2 Driving the DC Motor 12.6.3 Measuring rotation speed with the Hall Effect sensor 12.6.4 Angular Velocity versus Voltage Transfer Function 12.6.5 Material 12.7 Accelerometer and Servo Motor 12.7.1 Introduction 12.7.2 Connecting the accelerometer 12.7.3 Connecting the servo motor 12.7.4 Software Application 12.7.5 Maximum acceleration measurement 12.7.6 Material References Index