The Living World

Description

The Living Worldis often considered a student favorite. George Johnson has written this non-majors textbook from the ground up to be an engaging and accessible learning tool with an emphasis on "how things work and why things happen the way they do."The Living Worldfocuses on concepts rather than terminology and technical information, and features a straightforward, clear writing style and a wide variety of media assets to enhance the content of the textbook. The integration of text and the digital world is now complete withMcGraw-Hill's ConnectPlus, LearnSmart, and SmartBook. Users who purchase ConnectPlus receive access to the full online ebook version of the textbook. Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Contents......Page 18 Preface......Page 5 Giving Biology a Personal Perspective......Page 10 Acknowledgements......Page 12 0 Studying Biology......Page 24 0.1 How to Study......Page 25 0.2 Using your Textbook......Page 29 0.3 Using your Textbook's Internet Resources......Page 31 0.4 Science Is a Way of Thinking......Page 33 0.5 How to Read a Graph......Page 35 1 The Science of Biology......Page 38 1.1 The Diversity of Life......Page 39 1.2 Properties of Life......Page 40 1.3 Organization of Life......Page 41 1.4 Biological Themes......Page 43 1.5 How Scientists Think......Page 45 1.6 Science in Action: A Case Study......Page 46 1.7 Stages of a Scientific Investigation......Page 47 1.8 Theory and Certainty......Page 49 1.9 Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science......Page 51 2 The Chemistry of Life......Page 58 2.1 Atoms......Page 59 2.2 Ions and Isotopes......Page 61 2.3 Molecules......Page 63 2.4 Hydrogen Bonds Give Water Unique Properties......Page 66 2.5 Water Ionizes......Page 68 3 Molecules of Life......Page 74 3.1 Polymers Are Built of Monomers......Page 75 3.2 Proteins......Page 77 3.3 Nucleic Acids......Page 83 3.4 Carbohydrates......Page 86 3.5 Lipids......Page 88 4 Cells......Page 94 4.1 Cells......Page 95 4.2 The Plasma Membrane......Page 99 4.3 Prokaryotic Cells......Page 102 4.4 Eukaryotic Cells......Page 103 4.5 The Nucleus: The Cell's Control Center......Page 106 4.6 The Endomembrane System......Page 107 4.7 Organelles That Contain DNA......Page 109 4.8 The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell......Page 111 4.9 Outside the Plasma Membrane......Page 117 4.10 Diffusion......Page 118 4.11 Facilitated Diffusion......Page 120 4.12 Osmosis......Page 121 4.13 Bulk Passage into and out of Cells......Page 123 4.14 Active Transport......Page 125 5 Energy and Life......Page 130 5.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Things......Page 131 5.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 132 5.3 Chemical Reactions......Page 133 5.4 How Enzymes Work......Page 134 5.5 How Cells Regulate Enzymes......Page 136 5.6 ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell......Page 137 6 Photosynthesis: Acquiring Energy from the Sun......Page 142 6.1 An Overview of Photosynthesis......Page 143 6.2 How Plants Capture Energy from Sunlight......Page 147 6.3 Organizing Pigments into Photosystems......Page 149 6.4 How Photosystems Convert Light to Chemical Energy......Page 151 6.5 Building New Molecules......Page 153 6.6 Photorespiration: Putting the Brakes on Photosynthesis......Page 155 7 How Cells Harvest Energy from Food......Page 160 7.1 Where Is the Energy in Food?......Page 161 7.2 Using Coupled Reactions to Make ATP......Page 163 7.3 Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds......Page 165 7.4 Using the Electrons to Make ATP......Page 169 7.5 Cells Can Metabolize Food Without Oxygen......Page 171 7.6 Glucose Is Not the Only Food Molecule......Page 173 8 Mitosis......Page 178 8.1 Prokaryotes Have a Simple Cell Cycle......Page 179 8.2 Eukaryotes Have a Complex Cell Cycle......Page 180 8.3 Chromosomes......Page 181 8.4 Cell Division......Page 183 8.5 Controlling the Cell Cycle......Page 186 8.7 Cancer and Control of the Cell Cycle......Page 189 9 Meiosis......Page 196 9.1 Discovery of Meiosis......Page 197 9.2 The Sexual Life Cycle......Page 198 9.3 The Stages of Meiosis......Page 199 9.4 How Meiosis Differs from Mitosis......Page 203 9.5 Evolutionary Consequences of Sex......Page 205 10 Foundations of Genetics......Page 210 10.1 Mendel and the Garden Pea......Page 211 10.2 What Mendel Observed......Page 213 10.3 Mendel Proposes a Theory......Page 215 10.4 Mendel's Laws......Page 218 10.5 How Genes Influence Traits......Page 219 10.6 Some Traits Don't Show Mendelian Inheritance......Page 221 10.7 Chromosomes Are the Vehicles of Mendelian Inheritance......Page 228 10.8 Human Chromosomes......Page 230 10.9 Studying Pedigrees......Page 234 10.10 The Role of Mutation......Page 236 10.11 Genetic Counseling and Therapy......Page 239 11 DNA: The Genetic Material......Page 244 11.1 The Discovery of Transformation......Page 245 11.2 Experiments Identifying DNA as the Genetic Material......Page 246 11.3 Discovering the Structure of DNA......Page 247 11.4 How the DNA Molecule Copies Itself......Page 249 11.5 Mutation......Page 253 12 How Genes Work......Page 262 12.1 The Central Dogma......Page 263 12.2 Transcription......Page 264 12.3 Translation......Page 265 12.4 Gene Expression......Page 268 12.5 How Prokaryotes Control Transcription......Page 271 12.6 Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotes......Page 273 12.7 Controlling Transcription from a Distance......Page 274 12.8 RNA-Level Control......Page 276 12.9 Complex Control of Gene Expression......Page 278 13 Genomics and Biotechnology......Page 282 13.1 Genomics......Page 283 13.2 The Human Genome......Page 285 13.3 A Scientific Revolution......Page 287 13.4 Genetic Engineering and Medicine......Page 291 13.5 Genetic Engineering and Agriculture......Page 293 13.6 Reproductive Cloning......Page 297 13.7 Stem Cell Therapy......Page 299 13.8 Therapeutic Use of Cloning......Page 301 13.9 Gene Therapy......Page 303 14 Evolution and Natural Selection......Page 308 14.1 Darwin's Voyage on HMS Beagle......Page 309 14.2 Darwin's Evidence......Page 311 14.3 The Theory of Natural Selection......Page 312 14.4 The Beaks of Darwin's Finches......Page 314 14.5 How Natural Selection Produces Diversity......Page 316 14.6 The Evidence for Evolution......Page 317 14.7 Evolution's Critics......Page 322 14.8 Genetic Change in Populations: The Hardy-Weinberg Rule......Page 327 14.9 Agents of Evolution......Page 329 14.10 Sickle-Cell Disease......Page 333 14.11 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism......Page 335 14.12 Selection on Color in Fish......Page 337 14.13 The Biological Species Concept......Page 340 14.14 Isolating Mechanisms......Page 341 15 How We Name Living Things......Page 346 15.1 Invention of the Linnaean System......Page 347 15.2 Species Names......Page 348 15.3 Higher Categories......Page 349 15.4 What Is a Species?......Page 350 15.5 How to Build a Family Tree......Page 351 15.6 The Kingdoms of Life......Page 357 15.7 Domain Bacteria......Page 358 15.8 Domain Archaea......Page 359 15.9 Domain Eukarya......Page 360 16 Prokaryotes: The First Single-Celled Creatures......Page 364 16.1 Origin of Life......Page 365 16.2 How Cells Arose......Page 367 16.3 The Simplest Organisms......Page 369 16.4 Comparing Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes......Page 371 16.5 Importance of Prokaryotes......Page 372 16.6 Prokaryotic Lifestyles......Page 373 16.7 The Structure of Viruses......Page 375 16.8 How Bacteriophages Enter Prokaryotic Cells......Page 376 16.9 How Animal Viruses Enter Cells......Page 379 16.10 Disease Viruses......Page 381 17 Protists: Advent of the Eukaryotes......Page 386 17.1 Origin of Eukaryotic Cells......Page 387 17.2 The Evolution of Sex......Page 389 17.3 General Biology of Protists, the Most Ancient Eukaryotes......Page 391 17.4 Classifying the Protists......Page 393 17.5 Excavata Are Flagellated, and Some Lack Mitochondria......Page 395 17.6 Chromalveolata Originated by Secondary Symbiosis......Page 397 17.7 Rhizaria Have Hard Shells......Page 401 17.8 Archaeplastida Include Red and Green Algae......Page 403 17.9 Unikonta, the Road to Animals......Page 405 18 Fungi Invade the Land......Page 410 18.2 A Fungus Is Not a Plant......Page 411 18.3 Reproduction and Nutrition of Fungi......Page 413 18.4 Kinds of Fungi......Page 414 18.5 Microsporidia Are Unicellular Parasites......Page 415 18.6 Chytrids Have Flagellated Spores......Page 416 18.7 Zygomycetes Produce Zygotes......Page 417 18.8 Glomeromycetes Are Asexual Plant Symbionts......Page 418 18.9 Basidiomycetes Are the Mushroom Fungi......Page 419 18.10 Ascomycetes Are the Most Diverse Fungi......Page 420 18.11 Ecological Roles of Fungi......Page 421 19 Evolution of the Animal Phyla......Page 426 19.1 General Features of Animals......Page 427 19.2 The Animal Family Tree......Page 429 19.3 Six Key Transitions in Body Plan......Page 431 19.4 Sponges: Animals Without Tissues......Page 435 19.5 Cnidarians: Tissues Lead to Greater Specialization......Page 437 19.6 Solid Worms: Bilateral Symmetry......Page 440 19.7 Roundworms: The Evolution of a Body Cavity......Page 444 19.8 Mollusks: Coelomates......Page 447 19.9 Annelids: The Rise of Segmentation......Page 449 19.10 Arthropods: Advent of Jointed Appendages......Page 451 19.11 Protostomes and Deuterostomes......Page 457 19.12 Echinoderms: The First Deuterostomes......Page 459 19.13 Chordates: Improving the Skeleton......Page 461 20 History of the Vertebrates......Page 466 20.1 The Paleozoic Era......Page 467 20.2 The Mesozoic Era......Page 469 20.3 The Cenozoic Era......Page 472 20.4 Fishes Dominate the Sea......Page 473 20.5 Amphibians Invade the Land......Page 477 20.6 Reptiles Conquer the Land......Page 479 20.7 Birds Master the Air......Page 483 20.8 Mammals Adapt to Colder Times......Page 486 21 How Humans Evolved......Page 492 21.1 The Evolutionary Path to Humans......Page 493 21.2 How the Apes Evolved......Page 494 21.3 Walking Upright......Page 495 21.4 The Hominid Family Tree......Page 496 21.5 African Origin: Early Homo......Page 497 21.6 Out of Africa: Homo erectus......Page 498 21.7 Homo sapiens Also Evolved in Africa......Page 499 21.8 The Only Surviving Hominid......Page 501 22 The Animal Body and How It Moves......Page 506 22.1 Innovations in Body Design......Page 507 22.2 Organization of the Vertebrate Body......Page 509 22.3 Epithelium Is Protective Tissue......Page 511 22.4 Connective Tissue Supports the Body......Page 513 22.5 Muscle Tissue Lets the Body Move......Page 518 22.6 Nerve Tissue Conducts Signals Rapidly......Page 520 22.7 Types of Skeletons......Page 521 22.8 Muscles and How They Work......Page 523 23 Circulation......Page 530 23.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems......Page 531 23.2 Architecture of the Vertebrate Circulatory System......Page 533 23.3 The Lymphatic System: Recovering Lost Fluid......Page 536 23.4 Blood......Page 537 23.5 Fish Circulation......Page 539 23.6 Amphibian and Reptile Circulation......Page 540 23.7 Mammalian and Bird Circulation......Page 541 24 Respiration......Page 548 24.1 Types of Respiratory Systems......Page 549 24.2 Respiration in Aquatic Vertebrates......Page 550 24.3 Respiration in Terrestrial Vertebrates......Page 551 24.4 The Mammalian Respiratory System......Page 553 24.5 How Respiration Works: Gas Exchange......Page 555 24.6 The Nature of Lung Cancer......Page 557 25 The Path of Food Through the Animal Body......Page 562 25.1 Food for Energy and Growth......Page 563 25.2 Types of Digestive Systems......Page 565 25.3 Vertebrate Digestive Systems......Page 566 25.4 The Mouth and Teeth......Page 567 25.5 The Esophagus and Stomach......Page 569 25.6 The Small and Large Intestines......Page 571 25.7 Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems......Page 573 25.8 Accessory Digestive Organs......Page 575 26 Maintaining the Internal Environment......Page 580 26.1 How the Animal Body Maintains Homeostasis......Page 581 26.2 Regulating the Body's Water Content......Page 583 26.3 Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney......Page 585 26.4 The Mammalian Kidney......Page 589 26.5 Eliminating Nitrogenous Wastes......Page 592 27 How the Animal Body Defends Itself......Page 596 27.1 Skin: The First Line of Defense......Page 597 27.2 Cellular Counterattack: The Second Line of Defense......Page 599 27.3 Specific Immunity: The Third Line of Defense......Page 602 27.4 Initiating the Immune Response......Page 603 27.5 T Cells: The Cellular Response......Page 604 27.6 B Cells: The Humoral Response......Page 605 27.7 Active Immunity Through Clonal Selection......Page 607 27.8 Vaccination......Page 609 27.9 Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis......Page 611 27.10 Overactive Immune System......Page 612 27.11 AIDS: Immune System Collapse......Page 613 28 The Nervous System......Page 618 28.1 Evolution of the Animal Nervous System......Page 619 28.2 Neurons Generate Nerve Impulses......Page 621 28.3 The Synapse......Page 623 28.4 Addictive Drugs Act on Chemical Synapses......Page 625 28.5 Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain......Page 627 28.6 How the Brain Works......Page 629 28.7 The Spinal Cord......Page 632 28.8 Voluntary and Autonomic Nervous Systems......Page 633 29 The Senses......Page 638 29.1 Processing Sensory Information......Page 639 29.2 Sensing Gravity and Motion......Page 641 29.3 Sensing Chemicals: Taste and Smell......Page 642 29.4 Sensing Sounds: Hearing......Page 643 29.5 Sensing Light: Vision......Page 645 29.6 Other Vertebrate Senses......Page 649 30 Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body......Page 654 30.1 Hormones......Page 655 30.2 How Hormones Target Cells......Page 657 30.3 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary......Page 659 30.4 The Pancreas......Page 661 30.5 The Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Glands......Page 663 31 Reproduction and Development......Page 670 31.1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction......Page 671 31.2 Evolution of Vertebrate Sexual Reproduction......Page 673 31.3 Males......Page 677 31.4 Females......Page 679 31.5 Hormones Coordinate the Reproductive Cycle......Page 681 31.6 Embryonic Development......Page 683 31.7 Fetal Development......Page 685 31.8 Contraception and Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 690 32 Evolution of Plants......Page 694 32.1 Adapting to Terrestrial Living......Page 695 32.2 Plant Evolution......Page 697 32.3 Nonvascular Plants......Page 699 32.4 The Evolution of Vascular Tissue......Page 700 32.5 Seedless Vascular Plants......Page 701 32.6 The Evolution of Seed Plants......Page 703 32.7 Gymnosperms......Page 705 32.8 Rise of the Angiosperms......Page 707 32.9 Why Are There Different Kinds of Flowers?......Page 708 32.10 Double Fertilization......Page 709 32.11 Fruits......Page 710 33 Plant Form and Function......Page 714 33.1 Organization of a Vascular Plant......Page 715 33.2 Plant Tissue Types......Page 716 33.3 Roots......Page 719 33.4 Stems......Page 721 33.5 Leaves......Page 723 33.6 Water Movement......Page 725 33.7 Carbohydrate Transport......Page 728 34 Plant Reproduction and Growth......Page 732 34.1 Angiosperm Reproduction......Page 733 34.2 Structure of the Flower......Page 734 34.3 Gametes Combine Within the Flower......Page 737 34.4 Seeds......Page 739 34.5 Fruit......Page 740 34.6 Germination......Page 741 34.7 Growth and Nutrition......Page 742 34.8 Plant Hormones......Page 743 34.9 Auxin......Page 745 34.10 Photoperiodism and Dormancy......Page 747 34.11 Tropisms......Page 748 35 Populations and Communities......Page 752 35.1 What Is Ecology?......Page 753 35.2 Population Range......Page 755 35.3 Population Distribution......Page 757 35.4 Population Growth......Page 759 35.5 The Influence of Population Density......Page 761 35.6 Life History Adaptations......Page 762 35.7 Population Demography......Page 763 35.8 Communities......Page 764 35.9 The Niche and Competition......Page 765 35.10 Coevolution and Symbiosis......Page 769 35.11 Predator-Prey Interactions......Page 771 35.12 Mimicry......Page 772 35.13 Ecological Succession......Page 774 36 Ecosystems......Page 778 36.1 Energy Flows Through Ecosystems......Page 779 36.2 Ecological Pyramids......Page 783 36.3 The Water Cycle......Page 784 36.4 The Carbon Cycle......Page 786 36.5 Soil Nutrients and Other Chemical Cycles......Page 787 36.6 The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation......Page 789 36.7 Latitude and Elevation......Page 790 36.8 Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean......Page 791 36.9 Ocean Ecosystems......Page 793 36.10 Freshwater Ecosystems......Page 795 36.11 Land Ecosystems......Page 797 37 Behavior and the Environment......Page 804 37.1 Approaches to the Study of Behavior......Page 805 37.2 Instinctive Behavioral Patterns......Page 806 37.3 Genetic Effects on Behavior......Page 807 37.4 How Animals Learn......Page 808 37.5 Instinct and Learning Interact......Page 809 37.6 Animal Cognition......Page 810 37.7 Behavioral Ecology......Page 811 37.8 A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Behavior......Page 812 37.9 Migratory Behavior......Page 813 37.10 Reproductive Behaviors......Page 815 37.11 Communication Within Social Groups......Page 817 37.12 Altruism and Group Living......Page 819 37.13 Animal Societies......Page 821 37.14 Human Social Behavior......Page 822 World......Page 826 38.1 Pollution......Page 827 38.2 Acid Precipitation......Page 828 38.3 Global Warming......Page 829 38.4 The Ozone Hole......Page 830 38.5 Loss of Biodiversity......Page 831 38.6 Reducing Pollution......Page 833 38.7 Preserving Nonreplaceable Resources......Page 834 38.8 Curbing Population Growth......Page 836 38.9 Preserving Endangered Species......Page 839 38.10 Finding Cleaner Sources of Energy......Page 842 38.11 Individuals Can Make the Difference......Page 844 Appendix......Page 848 A......Page 859 C......Page 860 D......Page 861 E......Page 862 H......Page 863 L......Page 864 M......Page 865 O......Page 866 P......Page 867 S......Page 868 T......Page 869 Z......Page 870 Photo Credits......Page 871 A......Page 875 B......Page 876 C......Page 877 D......Page 879 E......Page 880 F......Page 881 G......Page 882 H......Page 883 L......Page 884 M......Page 885 N......Page 886 P......Page 887 R......Page 889 S......Page 890 T......Page 892 Z......Page 893 F......Page 894 P......Page 895 Y......Page 896