Diagnostic Imaging

Description

Diagnostic Imaging will help medical students, junior doctors, residents and trainee radiologists understand the principles behind interpreting all forms of imaging. Providing a balanced account of all the imaging modalities available – including plain film, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide imaging and interventional radiology – it explains the techniques used and the indications for their use. Organised by body system, it covers all anatomical regions. In each region the authors discuss the most suitable imaging technique and provide guidelines for interpretation, illustrating clinical problems with normal and abnormal images. Diagnostic Imaging is extensively illustrated throughout, featuring high quality full-colour images and more than 600 photographs. The images are downloadable in PowerPoint format from the brand new companion website at www.wileydiagnosticimaging.com, which also has over 100 interactive MCQs, to aid learning and teaching. When you purchase the book you also receive access to the Wiley E-Text: Powered by VitalSource. This is an interactive digital version of the book, featuring downloadable text and images, highlighting and note-taking facilities, bookmarking, cross-referencing, in-text searching, and linking to references and abbreviations. Diagnostic Imaging is also available on CourseSmart, offering extra functionality as well as an immediate way to access the book. For more details, see www.coursesmart.com or ‘The Anytime, Anywhere Textbook ’ section. Cover Title page Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations The Anytime, Anywhere Textbook 1: Technical Considerations Use of the imaging department Conventional radiography Computed tomography Computed tomography angiography Artefacts Contrast agents in conventional radiography and computed tomography Ultrasound Doppler effect Radionuclide imaging Positron emission tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging Picture archiving and communication systems Radiation hazards 2: Chest Thoracic Disease Imaging techniques Plain chest radiograph Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Radionuclide lung scanning Positron emission tomography Ultrasound Diseases of the chest with a normal chest radiograph Obstructive airways disease Small lesions Pulmonary emboli without infarction Infections Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis Pleural abnormality Mediastinal masses Abnormal chest signs Silhouette sign Radiological signs of lung disease Air-space opacification Pulmonary collapse (atelectasis) Spherical opacities (lung mass, lung nodule) Line or band-like opacities Widespread small pulmonary opacities Increased transradiancy of the lungs Pleura Pleural effusion Pleural thickening (pleural fibrosis) Pleural tumours Pleural calcification Pneumothorax Mediastinum Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the normal mediastinum Mediastinal masses Aortic aneurysm Pneumomediastinum Hilar enlargement Lymph node enlargement Diaphragm Chest wall Specific Disorders Bacterial pneumonia Viral and mycoplasma pneumonia Lung abscess Pulmonary tuberculosis Primary tuberculosis Postprimary tuberculosis Fungal and parasitic diseases Hydatid disease Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host Sarcoidosis Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis Usual interstitial pneumonia (cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) Determining the cause of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis Radiation pneumonitis Collagen vascular diseases Rheumatoid lung Systemic lupus erythematosus Scleroderma and dermatomyositis Wegener’s granulomatosis Pneumoconiosis Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis Asbestos-related disease Diseases of the airways Asthma Bronchiolitis Acute bronchitis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cystic fibrosis Respiratory distress in the newborn Adult respiratory distress syndrome Pulmonary emboli and infarction Plain film abnormalities Radionuclide lung scans Computed tomography pulmonary angiography Trauma to the chest Carcinoma of the bronchus Signs of a central tumour Signs of a peripheral tumour Spread of bronchial carcinoma Metastatic neoplasms Pulmonary metastases Pleural metastases Metastases to ribs Lymphoma 3: Cardiac Disorders Imaging techniques Plain chest radiography Echocardiography Radionuclide studies Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Cardiac catheterization and angiography Specific cardiac diseases Heart failure Ischaemic heart disease Hypertensive heart disease and other myocardial diseases Valvular heart disease Pericardial effusion Subacute bacterial endocarditis Left atrial myxoma and other intracardiac masses Congenital heart disease 4: Breast Imaging Mammography Breast ultrasound Breast magnetic resonance imaging Breast screening 5: Plain Abdomen Intestinal gas pattern Dilatation of the bowel Pneumoperitoneum Gas in an abscess Gas in the wall of the bowel Gas in the biliary system Ascites Abdominal calcification Liver and spleen Abdominal and pelvic masses 6: Gastrointestinal Tract Imaging techniques: general principles Contrast examinations Computed tomography Ultrasound examinations Magnetic resonance imaging Nuclear medicine Basic descriptive terms Oesophagus Imaging techniques Plain films Barium swallow examination Computed tomograpphy Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography Oesophageal abnormalities Strictures of the oesophagus Dilatation of the oesophagus Other abnormalities of the oesophagus Stomach and Duodenum Imaging techniques Barium meal examination Computed tomography Specific diseases of the stomach and duodenum Peptic ulcer Gastric carcinoma Other gastric tumours Gastric polyps Lymphoma Gastric outlet obstruction Hiatus hernia Small Intestine Imaging techniques Normal appearances of the small bowel Imaging signs of disease of the small intestine Dilatation Mucosal abnormality Narrowing Ulceration Specific diseases of the small intestine Crohn’s disease Small bowel ischaemia Tuberculosis Lymphoma Malabsorption Acute small bowel obstruction Malrotation Worm infestation Large Intestine Imaging techniques Colonoscopy Barium enema Computed tomography pneumocolon Magnetic resonance imaging Nuclear medicine studies Normal appearance of the colon Imaging signs of disease of the large intestine Narrowing of the lumen Dilatation Filling defects Diverticula and muscle hypertrophy Ulceration Specific diseases of the colon Inflammatory bowel disease Diverticular disease Appendicitis Ischaemic colitis Pneumatosis coli Volvulus Intussusception Colorectal tumours Hirschsprung’s disease (congenital aganglionosis) Idiopathic megacolon (functional megacolon) Anal fistula and perianal abscess Specific Uses of Imaging in the Gastrointestinal Tract Imaging investigation of the acute abdomen Plain films Barium or Gastrografin follow-through Ultrasound Computed tomography Imaging investigation of acute bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract Imaging investigation of abdominal trauma 7: Hepatobiliary System, Spleen and Pancreas Liver Imaging techniques Ultrasound Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Liver masses Malignant liver neoplasms Benign liver masses Liver abscesses Cirrhosis of the liver and portal hypertension Liver trauma Fatty infiltration of the liver Biliary System Imaging techniques Ultrasound Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram Hepatobiliary radionuclide scanning Gall stones and cholecystitis Cholecystitis Jaundice Pancreas Pancreatic masses Acute pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis Pancreatic trauma Spleen Splenic trauma 8: Urinary Tract Imaging techniques Ultrasound Urography Magnetic resonance imaging Radionuclide examination Special techniques Urinary tract disorders Urinary calculi Nephrocalcinosis Urinary tract obstruction Renal parenchymal masses Urothelial tumours Acute infections of the upper urinary tracts Tuberculosis Chronic pyelonephritis (reflux nephropathy) Papillary necrosis Renal trauma Hypertension in renal disease Renal failure Congenital anomalies of the urinary tract Bladder disorders Bladder tumours Bladder diverticula Bladder calcification Neurogenic bladder Trauma to the bladder and urethra Prostate and urethra disorders Prostatic enlargement Prostatic calcification Bladder outflow obstruction Scrotum and testes disorders 9: Female Genital Tract Normal appearances Ultrasound Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Positron emission tomography/computed tomography Gynaecological pathology Pelvic masses Ovarian masses Uterine masses Pelvic inflammatory disease Endometriosis Detection of intrauterine contraceptive devices Hysterosalpingography Obstetric ultrasound Ultrasound in the first trimester Ultrasound in the second and third trimesters Placental imaging ‘Large for dates’ uterus ‘Small for dates’ uterus: intrauterine growth retardation Ultrasound for karyotyping Fetal death Ectopic pregnancy 10: Peritoneal Cavity and Retroperitoneum Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneal cavity disorders Ascites Peritoneal tumours Intraperitoneal abscesses Retroperitoneum Imaging techniques Computed tomography Ultrasound Magnetic resonance imaging Retroperitoneal disorders Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy Adrenal gland disorders Retroperitoneal tumours Aortic aneurysm Retroperitoneal haematoma Retroperitoneal and psoas abscesses 11: Bones Imaging techniques Plain bone radiographs Ultrasound in musculoskeletal disease Radionuclide bone imaging Computed tomography in bone disease Magnetic resonance imaging in bone disease Bone disease diagnosis Solitary lesions Bone tumours Osteomyelitis Bone infarction Multiple focal lesions Metastases Multiple myeloma Lymphoma and leukaemia Multiple periosteal reactions Generalized decrease in bone density (osteopenia) Osteoporosis Rickets and osteomalacia Hyperparathyroidism Renal osteodystrophy Generalized increase in bone density Alteration of trabecular pattern and change in shape Paget’s disease Haemolytic anaemia Sarcoidosis Radiation-induced disease of bone Changes in bone shape Bone dysplasias 12: Joints Imaging techniques Plain film radiographs Magnetic resonance imaging Arthrography Ultrasound Arthritis Signs indicating the presence of arthritis Signs that point to the cause of arthritis Diagnosis of arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease Osteoarthritis Haemophilia and bleeding disorders Joint infections Pyogenic arthritis Tuberculous arthritis Avascular (aseptic) necrosis Osteochondritis Internal derangement of the knee Menisci Cruciate ligaments Collateral ligaments Shoulder and rotator cuff disorders Supraspinatus tendon tears Calcific tendonitis Miscellaneous joint conditions Neuropathic joint Synovial sarcoma (synovioma) Slipped femoral epiphysis Developmental dysplasia of the hip Osteitis condensans ilii Scleroderma 13: Spine Imaging techniques Radiographic signs of spinal abnormality Disc space narrowing Collapse of vertebral bodies Pedicle abnormalities Dense vertebrae Spinal abnormalities Spinal trauma Degenerative spinal disease Disc herniation Spondylolisthesis Infection Inflammatory spondylarthropathy Congenital abnormalities Spinal cord and cauda equine compression Intrinsic disorders of the spinal cord Transverse myelitis and multiple sclerosis 14: Skeletal Trauma Imaging techniques Plain radiographs Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Radionuclide bone scanning Imaging fractures Imaging dislocations Further plain film views Specific injuries Salter–Harris classification Stress fracture Insufficiency fracture Pathological fracture Non-accidental injury Avulsion fractures 15: Brain Imaging techniques Computed tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Neurosonography Specific brain disorders Brain tumours Stroke Infection Multiple sclerosis Ageing Dementia Head injury Extracerebral haematoma Intracerebral lesion Fracture 16: Orbits, Head and Neck Sinuses Opaque sinus Nasopharynx Orbits Blowout fracture Salivary glands Sialography Neck Larynx Thyroid imaging Parathyroid imaging 17: Vascular and Interventional Radiology Diagnostic vascular angiography Arteriography Magnetic resonance angiography Computed tomography angiography Ultrasound of the arterial system Ultrasound venography Contrast venography Interventional radiology Angioplasty and stents Therapeutic embolization Therapeutic ablation Vascular catheterization for infusion Inferior vena cava filters Percutaneous needle biopsy Percutaneous drainage of abscesses and other fluid collections Transjugular liver biopsy Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt Interventional radiology of the gastrointestinal tract Interventional radiology of the urinary tract Interventional radiology of the biliary tract Appendix: Computed Tomography Anatomy of the Abdomen Index