Plant Male Sterility Systems for Accelerating Crop Improvement

Description

This book covers all aspects of hybrid breeding technologies applied for crop improvement in major field crops. The different male sterility systems such as genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), cytoplasmic and genetic male sterility (CGMS), and male sterility induced by the photoperiod (PGMS), temperature (TGMS), and chemicals are discussed in detail. The different chapters in this book provide a timeline of the key breakthroughs witnessed in the field of plant male sterility technologies, their application in hybrid breeding, and the relevance to the current need for food security.  In-depth insights into the genetic and regulatory mechanisms of plant male sterility have been presented. This includes discussion on a variety of molecular players that induce male sterility and rescue male fertility in the hybrid plants. To enhance this book’s appeal, more emphasis has been given on the modern emerging approaches such as construction of heterotic pools that could boost hybrid breeding for enhanced crop performance amid climate change and growing population worldwide.  This book is a guide for growers and industries related to field and horticultural crops. Further, it is a useful reference for plant breeders, researchers and extension workers, and students. The material can also be used for teaching undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Preface Contents Contributors 1: Male Sterility and Hybrid Technology for Sustainable Production: Status and Prospects 1.1 Introduction 1.2 An Account of Male Sterility in Crop Plants 1.2.1 Genic or Genetic Male Sterility (GMS) 1.2.2 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) 1.3 Molecular Basis for Male Sterility and Fertility Restoration 1.4 Hybrid Technology for Economic Yields 1.5 Conclusion and Prospects References 2: Advances in Male Sterility Systems and Hybrid Breeding in Rice 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Hybrid Development and Heterosis 2.3 Diversity of Male Sterility-Inducing Cytoplasm 2.4 Mapping of Factors Related to Fertility Restoration 2.4.1 Molecular Mapping of Rf Genes 2.4.2 Molecular Cloning of Rf Elements 2.5 Progress Towards Deciphering Male Sterility Determinants 2.6 Approaches Towards Understanding of Molecular Mechanism for CMS Induction 2.7 Marker-Assisted Selection and Hybrid Breeding 2.8 Scope for Adoption of Modern Technologies 2.8.1 Transcriptomic Profiling of Male Sterile Lines 2.8.2 Whole Genome Sequencing of Mitochondria 2.8.3 Micro RNA-Regulated Male Sterility 2.8.4 Proteomic Investigation of Male Sterile Lines 2.9 Major Challenges and Potential Opportunities References 3: Male Sterility in Maize: Retrospect, Status and Challenges 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Hybrid Development and Heterosis 3.3 Different Ways of Inducing Male Sterility 3.3.1 Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility System (CGMS) or 3-Line Hybrid Seed Production Molecular Basis of CMS in Maize 3.3.2 Genetic Male Sterility (GMS) Molecular Basis of GMS 3.3.3 Use of Male Gametocides 3.4 Mapping Fertility Restoration Genes and Genomic Regions 3.5 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) and Hybrid Breeding 3.6 Scope for the Adoption of Modern Technologies (Male-Sterile Systems) and Their Use in Agricultural Sector 3.7 Major Challenges and Potential Opportunities 3.8 Conclusion References 4: Male Sterility Technologies to Boost Heterosis Breeding in Pearl Millet 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hybrid Development and Heterosis in Pearl Millet 4.3 Diversity of Male Sterility-Inducing Cytoplasm 4.4 Mapping of Fertility Restoration Factors 4.5 Progress Towards Deciphering Male Sterility Determinants 4.6 Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) and Heterosis Breeding 4.7 Scope for Adoption of Modern Technologies 4.8 Major Challenges and Potential Opportunities References 5: Sorghum Improvement: Male Sterility and Hybrid Breeding Approaches 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Hybrid Development and Heterosis in Sorghum 5.3 Diversity of Male Sterility-inducing Cytoplasm 5.4 Stability of Diverse CMS Systems 5.5 Mapping of Fertility Restoration in CMS System 5.6 Progress Towards Deciphering Male Sterility Determinants 5.7 Marker-Assisted Selection and Heterosis Breeding 5.8 Scope for Embracing Modern Technologies 5.9 Major Challenges and Potential Opportunities References 6: Advances in Male Sterility Systems and Hybrid Breeding in Sunflower 6.1 Introduction 6.2 World Scenario 6.3 National Scenario 6.4 Historical Developments 6.5 Breakthrough in Hybrid Development in India 6.6 Need for Male Sterility in Sunflower Hybrid Seed Production 6.7 Early Research in Breeding Sunflower Hybrids 6.8 The Need for Diversification of the Male Sterility Base 6.9 Desirable Characteristics of Female (CMS) Lines 6.10 Methods for Developing New CMS Sources 6.11 Molecular Characterization of Male Sterility 6.11.1 Open Reading Frames are Identified as a Cause of Male Sterility 6.11.2 Proteins Associated with Cytoplasmic Male Sterility 6.12 Limitations of the Diverse CMS Sources 6.13 Opportunities 6.14 Fertility Restorer (Rf) in Sunflower 6.15 Sources for Fertility Restoration Genes 6.16 Desirable Characteristics of a Good Male Line 6.17 The Use of Molecular Markers 6.17.1 Germplasm Characterization 6.17.2 Prediction of Heterosis 6.17.3 Gene Introgression 6.17.4 Characterization and Verification of Interspecific Hybrids 6.17.5 Identification of Maintainers and Restorers 6.17.6 Testing for Genetic Purity of Parental Lines and Hybrids 6.17.7 Protection of Parental Lines and Hybrids 6.18 Hybrid Seed Production 6.18.1 Production of Hybrid Seed 6.18.2 Maintenance of the Male Sterile Line (A-Line) 6.18.3 Maintenance of Pollen Parent (R Line) 6.18.4 Hybrid Seed Production (A x R Crossing Block) 6.19 General Principles of Seed Production 6.19.1 Selection of Land 6.19.2 Isolation Requirement 6.19.3 Seed Source 6.19.4 Field Inspection 6.19.5 Roguing of Seed Fields 6.19.6 Seed Certification 6.19.7 Grow-Out Test (GOT) 6.20 Problems in Hybrid Seed Production 6.21 Approaches to Overcome Problems in Hybrid Seed Production 6.22 Future Prospects of Heterosis Breeding in Sunflower 6.23 Concluding Remarks References 7: Discovery and Application of Male Sterility Systems in Pigeonpea 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Male Sterility Systems and Hybrid Breeding in Pigeonpea 7.2.1 Scope of Pigeonpea Hybrids 7.3 Diversity of Male Sterility-Inducing Cytoplasms 7.3.1 Genetic Male Sterility (GMS) System in Pigeonpea 7.3.2 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) Systems in Pigeonpea 7.3.3 Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Male Sterility (CMS) System in Pigeonpea 7.3.4 Environment-Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility 7.4 Molecular Understanding of the CMS/Restoration and Genomic Tools to Assist Hybrid Breeding 7.5 Scope for Adoption of Modern Technologies 7.6 Major Challenges and Potential Opportunities 7.7 Future Outlook References 8: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects of Hybrid Soybean 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Botany, Pollination and Hybridization in Soybean 8.3 Heterosis in Soybean and Its Scope 8.4 Male Sterility Systems in Soybean 8.4.1 Genetic Male Sterility System in Soybean 8.4.2 Cytoplasmic-Genetic Male Sterility System in Soybean 8.4.3 Inheritance of Male Sterility and Fertility Restoration System in Soybean 8.4.4 Mutation for Male Sterility System in Soybean 8.5 Hybrid Development in Soybean 8.6 Genomic Tools for Molecular Understanding of the CMS/Restoration and Assisting Hybrid Breeding 8.7 Challenges of Hybrid Soybean 8.8 Future Prospects References 9: Recent Progress in Brassica Hybrid Breeding 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Status of Hybrid Breeding 9.3 Pollination Control System in Brassica 9.4 Male Sterility and Fertility Restoration 9.5 Intraspecific Variation-Induced CMS 9.6 Alloplasmic CMS Caused by Interspecific or Intergeneric Hybridizations 9.7 CMS as a Result of Cell Fusion 9.8 Restorer Fertility (Rf) Genes 9.9 Genetically Engineered Male Sterility 9.10 Genetic Basis of Heterosis 9.11 Dominance Hypothesis 9.12 Overdominance Hypothesis 9.13 Epistasis 9.14 Active Gene Effect 9.15 Gene Network Effect 9.16 Understanding of Molecular Basis of Heterosis 9.17 Epigenetic and Transcriptional Regulation 9.18 Small RNAs and MicroRNAs 9.19 Molecular Circadian Clock Model 9.20 Chromatin Architecture 9.21 Hydrogen Sulphide Mechanism 9.22 Development of Heterotic Groups 9.23 Present Status of Commercial Hybrids 9.24 Genetic Resource for Hybrid Breeding 9.25 Conclusion References 10: Cytoplasmic Male Sterility: A Robust and Well-Proven Arsenal for Hybrid Breeding in Vegetable Crops 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Hybrid Development and Heterosis 10.2.1 Development of Hand-Pollinated F1 Hybrids 10.2.2 Development of Male Sterility-Based F1 Hybrids 10.2.3 Heterosis Estimates in Vegetable Crops 10.3 An Overview of Male Sterility in Vegetable Crops 10.3.1 Genic or Genetic Male Sterility (GMS) in Vegetables 10.3.2 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) in Vegetable Crops 10.4 Sterility-Inducing Cytoplasm in Vegetables 10.4.1 Source of Sterile Cytoplasm in Vegetables 10.4.2 Diversity of Male Sterility-Inducing Cytoplasm in Vegetables 10.5 Fertility Restoration in Cytoplasmic Male-Sterile Line 10.5.1 Inheritance of Rf Elements in Vegetables 10.5.2 Molecular Mapping and Cloning of Rf Elements in Vegetables 10.6 Progress Towards Deciphering Male Sterility Determinants 10.7 Marker-Assisted Selection and Hybrid Breeding 10.8 Adoption of Modern Omics Technologies 10.8.1 Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing 10.8.2 Whole Transcriptome Profiling 10.8.3 High-Throughput Sequencing and Degradome Sequencing 10.8.4 Proteomic Approach for Greater Understanding 10.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 11: Male Sterility and Hybrid Breeding Strategies in Safflower 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Exploitation of Heterosis and Hybrid Vigour in Safflower 11.3 History and Genesis of Hybrid Development 11.3.1 Recessive Genetic Male Sterility 11.3.2 Dominant Genetic Male Sterility 11.4 Thermosensitive Genetic Male Sterility in Safflower 11.5 Cytoplasmic-Genetic Male Sterility (CMS) in Safflower 11.6 Major Challenges and Potential Opportunities 11.7 Future Thrust Areas and Prospects of Safflower Hybrid References 12: Insect Pollinators and Hybrid Seed Production: Relevance to Climate Change and Sustainability 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Diversity of Insect Pollinators and Their Economic Role 12.3 Impact of Climate Change on Insect Pollinators and Pollination 12.4 Conclusion and Area Addressable References