Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration

Description

Of all the aspects of recovery in postwar Germany perhaps none was as critical or as complicated as the matter of dealing with Nazi criminals, and, more broadly, with the Nazi past. While on the international stage German officials spoke with contrition of their nation's burden of guilt, at home questions of responsibility and retribution were not so clear. In this masterful examination of Germany under Adenauer, Norbert Frei shows that, beginning in 1949, the West German government dramatically reversed the denazification policies of the immediate postwar period and initiated a new "Vergangenheitspolitik," or "policy for the past," which has had enormous consequences reaching into the present. Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past chronicles how amnesty laws for Nazi officials were passed unanimously and civil servants who had been dismissed in 1945 were reinstated liberally--and how a massive popular outcry led to the release of war criminals who had been condemned by the Allies. These measures and movements represented more than just the rehabilitation of particular individuals. Frei argues that the amnesty process delegitimized the previous political expurgation administered by the Allies and, on a deeper level, served to satisfy the collective psychic needs of a society longing for a clean break with the unparalleled political and moral catastrophe it had undergone in the 1940s. Thus the era of Adenauer devolved into a scandal-ridden period of reintegration at any cost. Frei's work brilliantly and chillingly explores how the collective will of the German people, expressed through mass allegiance to new consensus-oriented democratic parties, cast off responsibility for the horrors of the war and Holocaust, effectively silencing engagement with the enormities of the Nazi past. Contents Foreword by Fritz Stern Introduction Part I. A Legislation for the Past: Parliamentary and Administrative Junctures 1. The Amnesty Law of 1949 2. The “Liquidation” of Denazification 3. The Rehabilitation and Pensioning of the “131ers” 4. The Amnesty Law of 1954 Part II. A Past-Political Obsession: The Problem of the War-Criminals 5. The War-Crimes Issue Preceding the Bonn Republic 6. The Politicization of the War-Criminal Question (1949-50) 7. The Debate Under the Sign of Rearmament (1950-51) 8. A “General Treaty” instead of a “General Amnesty” (1951-52) 9. The Windup of the War-Criminal Problem Part III. Fixing Past-Political Limits: Judicial Norms and Allied Intervention 10. The Hedler Affair and the Establishment of Criminal-Legal Norms (1950) 11. The Rise and Banning of the Socialist Reich Party (1951-52) 12. The Naumann Affair and the Role of the Allies (1953) Conclusion Postscript to the American Edition Acknowledgments Notes Sources and Literature Index