Microbial Fuel Cells for Environmental Remediation

Description

This book comprehensively reviews the key topics in microbial fuel cells (MFC) and its applications in areas related to energy and environmental mitigation. It covers the microbial electrochemistry and the generation of electricity from waste, various synthesis and characterization approaches of polymer-based MFC electrodes, the multifunctional properties of a MFC which allows its simultaneous use as a fuel cell, bioremediation and biosensor device. It provides new direction to the readers to better understand the chemistry in MFC and methods to improve their desired properties. This book is a very valuable reference source for graduates and postgraduates, engineers and research scholars in the areas related to fuel cells electrochemistry and pollution mitigation. Dedication Preface Contents About the Editors Basic Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cells 1 What is Microbial Fuel Cell? 2 Major Parts of a Microbial Fuel Cell 2.1 Essential Components of MFCs 2.2 Electrode Materials Used in the Microbial Fuel Cell 3 Common Types of Microbial Fuel Cell According to Their Uses 3.1 Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell 3.2 Plant Microbial Fuel Cells (PMFCs) 3.3 Solid Waste Microbial Fuel Cells 4 Energy and Environment 5 Future Energy Demand 5.1 Renewable Energy’s Future 5.2 Biofuels as the Renewable Energy 6 Conclusion and Future of Microbial Fuel Cells References Principle and Working Mechanism of Microbial Fuel Cell 1 Introduction 1.1 Fundamentals of Electrogenesis in MFC 1.2 Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) and Potential Losses 2 Methods of Electron Transfer 2.1 Electron Shuttles or Mediators 2.2 C-Type Cytochromes 2.3 Nanowires 3 Concluding Remarks References Design and Configuration of Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Design and Configuration of MFCs Reactor 2.1 Configuration Based on Number of MFC Chambers 3 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Electrochemical Measurements of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 1 Introduction 2 Evolution of Electrochemical Measurements of MFCs 3 Electrochemical Background of MFCs 4 Electrochemical Analysis 4.1 Electrochemical Impendence Spectroscopy (EIS) 4.2 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) 4.3 Varying Circuit Resistance (VCR) 4.4 Current Interruption Method (CI) 4.5 Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) 5 Electrochemical Properties 5.1 Current Density 5.2 Power Density 5.3 Coulombic Efficiency 5.4 Capacitance Retention 6 Future Prospect and Conclusion References Practical Limitations with Microbial Fuel Cell Technology 1 Introduction 2 Operational Challenges Associated with MFCs 2.1 Cost-Effective Electrodes 2.2 Low-Cost Membranes and Membraneless Systems 3 Scale-Up and System Configuration 4 Maintenance and Optimization Issues 5 Process Integration and Large-Scale Studies 6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Conventional Electrode Materials for Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Essential Properties of Electrode Materials 2.1 Conductivity of Material 2.2 Physiological Properties 2.3 Material Biocompatibility 2.4 Stability and Durability 2.5 Cost and Access of Material 3 Electrode Materials 3.1 Electrode Materials as Anode 3.2 Carbon-Graded Materials 3.3 Natural Biomass Source as Anode 3.4 Metal/metal Oxide-Sourced Materials 3.5 Polymer Composite Material 4 Electrode Materials as Cathode 5 Influence of Electrodes (Cathode/Anode/) in MFCs 6 Influence of Electrode (Anode/Cathode) on Removal of Pollutants 7 Influence of Electrode (Anode/Cathode) on Energy Production 8 Challenges and Future Recommendations 9 Conclusion References Graphene Derived Electrode Materials for Microbial Fuel Cell 1 Introduction 2 An Overview of Conventional Electrode Materials Used in MFC 2.1 Carbon Cloth 2.2 Carbon Brush 2.3 Carbon Paper 2.4 Carbon Veil 2.5 Carbon Mesh 2.6 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) 2.7 Granular Graphite 3 Non-carbon-Based Electrodes 3.1 Graphene Derived Electrode Materials Used in MFC 3.2 Graphene Structure 3.3 Properties of Graphene 3.4 Graphene-Based Electrodes Synthesize 4 Graphene-Based Anode Materials 5 Graphene Derived Cathode Materials 6 Pros and Cons of Graphene Derived Electrodes 7 Applications of Graphene Derived Electrodes 8 Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Perspectives 9 Conclusion References Role of Microbial Community in Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Microorganism-Based Energy Production and Metal Remediation in MFCs 3 Electron Transfer Mechanisms Between Bacteria Cells and Electrodes 4 Electrode Biofilm 5 The Importance of Bacteria in MFCs 6 Anodic Bacterial Species 7 Bacterial Cathodic Species 8 Heavy Metals Removal Through MFCs 8.1 Chromium 8.2 Vanadium 8.3 Copper 8.4 Silver 8.5 Cobalt 9 Future Recommendations 10 Conclusion References The Potential Benefits of Microbial Fuel Cells in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals 1 Introduction 2 Microbial Fuel Cell for Sustainable Agriculture (SDG 2) 2.1 Treatment of Wastewater with MFC for Irrigation 2.2 Safeguarding Food Security Using MFC 2.3 Management of Agricultural Waste Using MFC 3 Health and Wellbeing Promotion (SDG 3) 4 Water and Sanitation for All (SDG 6) 5 Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable, Modern Energy for All (SDG 7) 6 Resilient Infrastructure, Sustainable Industrialization, and Innovation (SDG 9) 7 Usefulness of MFCs for Achieving SDGs 12, 13, 14, and 15 7.1 MFC as Biosensors to Monitor Pollution 7.2 MFC for Bioremediation 8 MFC for the Production of Renewable Energy 8.1 Power Generation from Wastewater Using MFC 8.2 Power Generation from Methane Using MFC 8.3 MFC for Biohydrogen Production 8.4 MFC for Water Recycling 8.5 Energy Production to Reduce Deforestation (SDG 15) 9 Conclusion References Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants Through Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Microbial Fuel Cell and Bioremediation 3 Bioremediation of Common Organic Pollutants in MFC 3.1 Bioremediation of Antibiotics 3.2 Bioremediation of Synthetic Dyes 3.3 Bioremediation of Pesticides 3.4 Bioremediation of Phenolic Compounds 3.5 Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 4 Conclusion References Bioremediation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants Through Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Need for Pharmaceutical Industries 3 Pharmaceutical Pollutants 4 Solid Pharmaceutical Waste 5 Liquid Pharmaceutical Waste 6 Listed Hazardous Chemicals in Pharmaceutical Waste and Their Health Impact 7 Sources of Pharmaceutical Wastes in the Environment 8 Possible Ways of Bioremediating Pharmaceutical Pollutants 9 Bioremediation 10 Microbial Fuel Cells 11 Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation Using Bacteria 12 Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation Using Microalgae 13 Antibiotics and Microbial Fuel Cells 14 MFC for a Sustainability Future 15 Conclusion References Bioremediation of Petrochemicals and Dye Industrial Effluents through Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Bioremediation of Petrochemicals Through Microbial Fuel Cells 2.1 MFCs for Petroleum Product Degradation 3 MFC for Dyes Degradation 3.1 Azo Dye Decolorization and Degradation in the Anode 3.2 Azo Dye Decolorization and Degradation in the Cathode 3.3 Key Parameters Influencing the MFC for Dyes Degradation 4 Conclusion References Bioremediation of Agro-Industries Pollutants Through Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Working Principle 2.1 Configurations 2.2 Performance Evaluation 3 Treatment of Agro-Industrial Wastes and Wastewaters in Microbial Fuel Cells 3.1 Pretreatment of the Agricultural Residues 3.2 Utilization of Agricultural Residues in Electrode and Proton Exchange Membrane Fabrication 3.3 Utilization of Agricultural Residues and Wastewaters as Substrate 3.4 Winery and Brewery Wastewaters 3.5 Dairy Industry Wastewaters 3.6 Livestock Wastewaters 4 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Removal of Phenolic Compound from Wastewater Using Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 1.1 Water Pollution 2 Phenol 2.1 Classification of Phenolic Compounds 3 Effect of Phenolic Pollution on the Environment 3.1 Natural Source 3.2 Anthropogenic Sources 3.3 Toxicity of Phenol and Phenolic Compounds and Mechanism of Action 4 Treatment of Phenolic Compounds From Environment 5 Degradation of Phenol Through Aerobic and Anaerobic Pathways 5.1 Aerobic Biodegradation of Phenol 5.2 Anaerobic Biodegradation of Phenol 6 Fuel Cells 7 Microbial Fuel Cells 7.1 The Mechanism of Electron Transfer Can Occur in Three Different Pathways Clark and Nanette [56] 8 Microbial Fuel Cell in Wastewater Treatment 9 Biocatalyst Action Mechanisms in MFCs 10 Conclusion References Removal of Toxic Metal Ions from Wastewater Through Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Removal Mechanism of Metals Through Microbial Fuel Cells 3 Literature Survey of Pollutant Removal Through Microbial Fuel Cells 3.1 Removal of Metal Ions 4 Other Application of MFCs 4.1 Bioenergy Production 4.2 Bioelectronics Devices 4.3 Biosensor 5 Future Perspectives 6 Conclusion References Application of Microbial Fuel Cells in Landfill Leachate Treatment 1 Introduction 1.1 Leachate Characteristic 1.2 Leachate Treatment Process 2 Leachates as Promising Substrate for MFCs 3 Recent Advances on MFCs Treating Leachates 3.1 Conventional Single- and Dual-Chamber MFCs 3.2 Unconventional Type MFCs 3.3 Hybrid System 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Application of Microbial Fuel Cells as Biosensors 1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals, Configuration and Operation of Biosensors 2.1 Basic Principle of MFCs as Biosensors 2.2 Design and Configuration 2.3 Operation/Working Mechanism 3 Microbial Fuel Cells as Biosensors 4 Selection of Microorganisms for MFCs-Based Biosensors 5 Power Sources of MFCs-Based Biosensors 6 Mechanism of Electron Transfer in MFCs 6.1 Direct Electron Transfer 6.2 Indirect Electron Transfer 7 Merits and Scopes of MFCs Biosensors 8 Analytical Applications of MFC-Based Biosensors 8.1 BOD Detection 8.2 Toxicity Detection 8.3 DO Detection 8.4 Microbial Activity Detection 8.5 Monitoring of the Corrosive Biofilms 8.6 Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) Detection 9 Challenges and Perspectives 10 Conclusions References Microbial Fuel Cells—A Sustainable Approach to Clean Energy and Wastewater Remediation 1 The Major Concerns 2 Renewable Sources of Energy 3 Microbial Fuel Cell Technology 4 Biofilm Formation and Microbial Communities Involved in MFC 5 Types of MFC 6 Substrates in MFC 7 Terminal Electron Acceptors 8 Challenges 9 Conclusion References Modern Challenges and Future Perspective of Microbial Fuel Cells 1 Introduction 2 Working Principle 3 Factors Affecting the Performance of MFC 3.1 Microorganisms Used 3.2 Substrate Used 3.3 Electrode Material 3.4 Membrane 3.5 Operating Condition 3.6 Losses in MFC 3.7 Ohmic Losses 4 Activation Losses 4.1 Concentration Losses 5 Future Perspectives of MFC 6 Conclusion References