The Cambridge Grammar of Medieval and Early Modern Greek 4 Volume Hardback Set

Description

The Greek language has a written history of more than 3,000 years. While the classical, Hellenistic and modern periods of the language are well researched, the intermediate stages are much less well known, but of great interest to those curious to know how a language changes over time. The geographical area where Greek has been spoken stretches from the Aegean Islands to the Black Sea and from Southern Italy and Sicily to the Middle East, largely corresponding to former territories of the Byzantine Empire and its successor states. This Grammar draws on a comprehensive corpus of literary and non-literary texts written in various forms of the vernacular to document the processes of change between the eleventh and eighteenth centuries, processes which can be seen as broadly comparable to the emergence of the Romance languages from Medieval Latin. Regional and dialectal variation in phonology and morphology are treated in detail. Volume 1. General Introduction and Phonology Contents Contents (Volume 1) General Introduction Acknowledgements Bibliography 1. Literary Works 2. Non-literary Texts 3. Secondary Works Correspondence Table of Graphemes and Phonemes Abbreviations Part I. Phonology 1. Introduction 1.1 Theoretical preliminaries 1.2 Presentation 2. Vowels 2.1 Overall Description of the Vowel System 2.1.1 Simple Vowels 2.1.2 Diphthongs 2.2 Allophonic and Regional Variation 2.3. Quality of the Vowels 2.4 Phoneme Inventory 2.4.1 /a/ 2.4.2 /e/ 2.4.3 /o/ 2.4.4 /u/ 2.4.5 /i/ 2.4.6 /y/ 2.4.6.1 Merger of /y/ and /i/ 2.4.6.2 Regression of /y/ to /u/ 2.4.7 /j/ 2.4.7.1 Phonemic Status 2.4.7.2 Realization and Attestations 2.4.7.3 Post-consonantal /j/ Deletion 2.4.7.4 Deletion of /j/ after /r/ 2.4.8 Diphthongs 2.4.8.1 Historical Overview 2.4.8.2 Phonetic Description and Graphematic Realization 2.4.8.3 Phenomena Affecting Diphthongs 2.5 Dialectal Differentiation in Vowels 2.5.1 Retention of "Doric" /a/ 2.5.2 Retention of "Ionic" /e/ 2.5.3 Pontic Half-Central Vowels /ae/ and /oe/ 2.5.4 "Raising Vocalism" 2.5.4.1 Definition 2.5.4.2 Dating and Literature Overview 2.5.4.3 The Data 2.6 Vowel Addition 2.6.1 Prothesis 2.6.1.1 Non-lexicalized Phonetic Prothesis 2.6.1.2 Lexicalized Phonetic Prothesis 2.6.1.3 Non-phonetic Prothesis 2.6.2 Anaptyxis 2.6.3 Addition of Word-final Vowel 2.6.3.1 Nouns and Adjectives 2.6.3.2 Pronouns 2.6.3.3 Verbs 2.6.3.4 Uninflected Words 2.7 Vowel Deletion 2.7.1 Aphaeresis 2.7.2 Syncope 2.7.3 Deletion of Final Vowel (Apocope) 2.8 Vowel Changes 2.8.1 Change to /e/ in the Adjacency of Liquids and Nasals 2.8.2 Labialization 2.8.3 Raising of /o/ to /u/ 2.8.4 Backing of /i/ > /u/ 2.8.5 Assimilation and Dissimilation 2.9 Vowels in Contact 2.9.1 Introduction: Types of Hiatus and Hiatus Resolution 2.9.2 Vowel Deletion: The Vowel Hierarchy 2.9.2.1 Lexical Vowel Deletion 2.9.2.2 Post-lexical Hiatus 2.9.3 Vowel Change at Word Boundaries 2.9.4 Synizesis 2.9.4.1 Introduction and Definition 2.9.4.2 Historical Overview: Evidence 2.9.4.3 Alternative Evolutions 2.9.5 Crasis 3. Consonants 3.1 Description of the Consonant System 3.2 Phoneme Inventory 3.2.1 Stops 3.2.1.1 Voiceless Stops 3.2.1.2 Voiced Stops 3.2.2 Fricatives 3.2.2.1 Voiceless Fricatives 3.2.2.2 Voiced Fricatives 3.2.3 Nasals 3.2.4 Liquids 3.2.5 Sibilants 3.2.6 Affricates 3.2.6.1 Status and History 3.2.6.2 Phenomena Affecting Affricates 3.3 Phonotactics 3.3.1 Position of Consonants Within the Word 3.3.2 Permissible Consonant Clusters 3.3.2.1 Biconsonantal Clusters 3.3.2.2 Triconsonantal Clusters 3.4 Geminate Consonants 3.4.1 Definition 3.4.2 Origin of Geminates 3.4.2.1 Introduction 3.4.2.2 Original/Etymological AG Geminates 3.4.2.3 Borrowing 3.4.2.4 Assimilation 3.4.2.5 "Spontaneous Gemination" 3.4.3 Consonants Affected 3.5 Consonant Addition 3.5.1 Prothesis and Aphaeresis 3.5.2 Anaptyxis 3.5.2.1 Anaptyxis of /y/ Between Vowels 3.5.2.2 Anaptyxis of /y/ in the Verbal Suffix -ενω 3.5.2.3 Anaptyxis of /y/ before /n/ 3.5.2.4 Anaptyxis of Nasals 3.5.2.5 Anaptyxis of /r/ 3.6 Consonant Deletion 3.6.1 Fricative Deletion 3.6.1.1 Intervocalic Deletion 3.6.1.2 Deletion Before Synizesis 3.6.1.3 Deletion Before Nasals 3.6.2 Deletion of Nasals 3.6.2.1 Deletion Before Stops 3.6.2.2 Deletion Before Fricatives 3.7 Final Consonants 3.7.1 Final /s/ 3.7.1.1 Deletion of Final /s/ 3.7.1.2 Addition of Final /s/ 3.7.2 Final /n/ 3.7.2.1 Addition of Final /n/ 3.7.2.1.1 Historical Overview 3.7.2.1.2 Morphological Addition 3.7.2.1.3 Phonetic Addition 3.7.2.2 Deletion of Final /n/ 3.7.2.2.1 Morphological Distribution 3.7.2.2.2 Geographical Distribution 3.8 Consonant Changes 3.8.1 Manner Dissimilation 3.8.1.1 Definition 3.8.1.2 Historical Overview 3.8.1.3 Detailed Description of the Phenomenon 3.8.1.4 Hypercorrection of Manner Dissimilation 3.8.1.5 Morphophonological Manner Dissimilation 3.8.2 Palatalization 3.8.2.1 Velar Palatalization 3.8.2.2 Strong Velar Palatalization 3.8.2.3 Dental Palatalization 3.8.2.3.1 [n] > [jn] and [l] > [λ] before/j, i/ 3.8.2.3.2 /s/ > /sh/ before /j/ 3.8.3 Voicing and Devoicing 3.8.3.1 Definition and Historical Overview 3.8.3.2 Post-nasal Voicing 3.8.3.3 Intervocalic Voicing 3.8.3.4 Devoicing 3.8.4 Fricativization and Occlusion 3.8.4.1 Sporadic Fricativization 3.8.4.2 Fricativization due to Palatalization 3.8.4.3 Fricativization due to Language Contact 3.8.4.4 Fricativization due to Voicing Assimilation 3.8.4.5 Orthographic Fricativization after Rough Breathing 3.8.4.6 Occlusion 3.8.4.7 Change to Nasals 3.8.5 Fricative Interchange 3.8.5.1 Voiceless Fricative Interchange 3.8.5.2 Voiced Fricative Interchange 3.8.6 Liquid Interchange 3.8.6.1 Introduction and Historical Overview 3.8.6.2 Delateralization 3.8.6.3 Liquid Dissimilation 3.9 Word-level Phenomena 3.9.1 Metathesis 3.9.2 Assimilation 3.9.3 Dissimilation 3.9.3.1 Consonant Dissimilation 3.9.3.2 Dissimilatory Consonant Deletion 3.9.3.3 Dissimilatory Syllable Deletion 4. Stress 4.1 Definition and Historical Overview 4.2 Properties of the MedG and EMG Stress Accent 4.2.1 Overview 4.2.2 Proclisis and Enclisis 4.2.3 Exceptions to the Law of Limitation 4.2.4 Stress Shift and Variation: Morphological Functions 4.2.4.1 Stress in Nominal Morphology 4.2.4.2 Stress in Verbal Morphology 4.2.4.3 Stress in Derivation and Composition Volume 2. Nominal Morphology Contents Contents (Volume 2) Correspondence Table of Graphemes and Phonemes Abbreviations Part II. Nominal Morphology 1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of Developments in the Nominal System 1.2 Cypriot Genitive Plural of Masculine Nouns 1.3 Accusative Plural of Masculine Nouns in Cycladic Texts 1.4 Pontic Nominative Singular of Masculine Nouns 1.5 Synizesis, Stress Shift and Accent Notation 2. Nouns 2.1 Masculine and Feminine Nouns in /os/ 2.1.1 Oxytone Nouns 2.1.2 Paroxytone Nouns 2.1.3 Proparoxytone Nouns 2.1.4 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.2 Masculine Nouns in /as/ 2.2.1. Oxytone and Paroxytone Nouns with Imparisyllabic Plural 2.2.2 Paroxytone Nouns with Parisyllabic Plural 2.2.3 Paroxytone Disyllabic Nouns with lmparisyllabic Plural 2.2.4 Paroxytone Nouns with Parisyllabic Plural 2.2.5 Proparoxytone Nouns with Parisyllabic Plural 2.3 Masculine Nouns in /is/ 2.3.1 Oxytone and Paroxytone Nouns with an Alternative Plural in -αδες 2.3.2 Paroxytone Nouns with Parisyllabic Plural 2.3.3 Oxytone Nouns with Imparisyllabic Plural in -ηδες 2.3.4 Paroxytone and Proparoxytone Nouns with Imparisyllabic Plural in -ηδες 2.3.5 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.4 Masculine Nouns in -ιυς, -ιας, -ιας 2.4.1 The Paradigm 2.4.2 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.5 Masculine Nouns in /us/ 2.6 Masculine Nouns in /es/ 2.6.1 Oxytone Nouns 2.6.2 Paroxytone and Proparoxytone Nouns 2.6.3 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.7 Masculine Nouns in -ιoς 2.7.1 The Paradigm 2.7.2 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.8 Masculine Nouns in -ιoς 2.9 Irregular and Indeclinable Masculine Nouns 2.9.1 Irregular Nouns 2.9.1.1 δρυς 2.9.1.2 ιχθυς 2.9.1.3 πηχυς 2.9.2 Indeclinable Nouns 2.9.2.1 αγαπω 2.9.2.2 λας 2.10 Alternative Plural Formations of Masculine Nouns 2.10.1 -αιoι 2.10.2 -αδες 2.10.3 -ηδες 2.10.4 -αντoι 2.10.5 -oυδεζ 2.10.6 -ατoι 2.10.7 -oι 2.11 Feminine Nouns in /a/ 2.11.1 Oxytone Nouns 2.11.1.1 Nouns with a Parisyllabic Plural 2.11.1.2 Nouns with an Imparisyllabic Plural 2.11.2 Paroxytone Nouns 2.11.2.1 Nouns with a Shift of Stress to the Ultimate in the Genitive Plural 2.11.2.2 Nouns without a Shift of Stress in the Genitive Plural 2.11.3 Proparoxytone Nouns 2.11.3.1 Nouns with a Shift of Stress to the Ultimate in the Genitive Plural 2.11.3.2 Nouns with a Shift of Stress to the Penultimate in the Genitive Plural 2.11.4 Paroxytone Nouns in /ea/ 2.11.5 Paroxytone/Oxytone Nouns in /ia/ 2.11.6 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.12 Feminine Nouns in /i/ 2.12.1 Oxytone Nouns in -η 2.12.2 Paroxytone Nouns in -η 2.12.3 Paroxytone Nouns in -ιζ/-η 2.12.4 Proparoxytone Nouns in -ιζ/-η 2.12.5 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.13 Feminine Nouns in /u/ 2.13.1 The Paradigm 2.13.2 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.14 Feminine Nouns in /o/ 2.14.1 The Paradigm 2.14.2 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.15 Feminine Nouns in -ιo(ν) 2.15.1 The Paradigm 2.15.2 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.16 Feminine Nouns in /e/ 2.16.1 Oxytone Nouns in -ε 2.16.2 Paroxytone Nouns in -ε 2.16.3 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.17 Irregular and Indeclinable Feminine Nouns 2.17.1 Irregular Nouns 2.17.1.1 δρῦς 2.17.1.2 ισχῦς 2.17.2 Indeclinable Nouns 2.17.2.1 ἀγαπῶ 2.17.2.2 γῆς 2.18 Invariable Masculine and Feminine Proclitic Forms 2.19 Neuter Nouns in /o(n)/ 2.19.1 Oxytone Nouns 2.19.2 Paroxytone and Proparoxytone Nouns 2.19.3 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.20 Neuter Nouns in /io(n)/ and /i(n)/ 2.20.1 Paroxytone Nouns in /'io(n)/ 2.20.1.1 Paroxytone/Oxytone Nouns in -ιo(ν)/-ειo(ν) > -(ε)ιo(ν) 2.20.1.2 Paroxytone/Oxytone Nouns in -ιo(ν) > -ι(ν) 2.20.2 Proparoxytone Nouns in /io(n)/ 2.20.2.1 Proparoxytone Nouns in -(ε)ιo(ν) 2.20.2.2 Proparoxytone/Paroxytone Nouns in -ιo(ν)/-ι(ν) 2.20.3 Proparoxytone Nouns in -ι(ν) 2.20.4 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.21 Neuter Nouns in -μα(ν) 2.21.1 Paroxytone and Proparoxytone Neuter Nouns in -μα(ν) 2.21.2 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.22 Neuter Nouns in -ιμo(ν) 2.23 Neuter Nouns in -oζ 2.23.1 Paroxytone Nouns 2.23.2 Proparoxytone Nouns 2.23.3 Transfers to Other Paradigms 2.24 Irregular and lndeclinable Neuter Nouns 2.24.1 Nouns with Dental Stem 2.24.1.1 ἅλας, κἐρας, πἐρας and τἐρας 2.24.1.2 γἀλα 2.24.1.3 γἤρας 2.24.1.4 γὀνυ 2.24.1.5 κρἑας 2.24.1.6 μἐλι 2.24.1.7 φἀβα 2.24.1.8 φῶς 2.24.2 The Invariable Noun σἑβας 2.24.3 Indeclinable Nouns 2.24.4 Substantivized Verbal Forms 3. Adjectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Adjectives in -oς 3.2.1 Adjectives in -oς with Feminine -η 3.2.2 Adjectives in -oς with Feminine -α 3.2.3 Adjectives in -oς with Feminine -α or -η 3.2.3.1 Nominative in -η 3.2.3.2 . Nominative in -α 3.2.3.3 Genitive in -ης 3.2.3.4 Genitive in -ας 3.2.3.5 Accusative in -η(ν) 3.2.3.6 Accusative in -α(ν) 3.2.3.7 Vocative 3.2.4 Two-Termination Adjectives in -oς, -o(ν) 3.2.5 Contracted Adjectives in -oῦς with Alternative -ὀς 3.2.6 Adjectives in -ἀριoς/-ἀpης 3.2.7 Adjectives in -ἐνιoς 3.3 Adjectives with Originally 3rd-Declension Endings 3.3.1 Oxytone Adjectives in -ὐς 3.3.2 The Irregular Adjectives ἦμισυς and θῆλυς 3.3.2.1 ἣμισυς 3.3.2.2 θἣλυς 3.3.3 Adjectives in -ης (Oxytone or Paroxytone) 3.3.4 Adjectives in -ων, -ων, -oν 3.4 New Adjectives in /is/ 3.4.1 New Paroxytone Adjectives in -ης (Feminine -σ/-ισσα) 3.4.2 Diminutives in -oὐλης 3.4.3 New Oxytone Adjectives in -ἠς 3.5 Adjectives Borrowed from Romance Languages 3.5.1 Adjectives Partly Assimilated to Greek Morphology 3.5.2 Unassimilated Adjectives 3.6 Irregular Adjectives 3.6.1 μἐλας 3.6.2 πoλὐς 3.6.3 Diminutive Adjectives in -ἀκι(ν) 3.7 Participles in Restricted Use 3.7.1 Participles that Conform to AG Morphology 3.7.2 Innovations in the Morphology of Participles 3.7.3 Participles with Irregular Morphology 3.7.4 Indeclinable Forms 3.7.5 New Adjectives Formed from Participles 3.8 Comparative Forms 3.8.1 Historical Overview 3.8.2 General Observations 3.8.3 Synthetic Comparative and Superlative 3.8.4 Analytic Comparative and Superlative 3.8.5 Double Forms 3.8.6 Irregular Formations 3.8.6.1 πλεἰων etc. 3.8.6.2 καλλἰων, καλλιὠτερoς etc. 3.8.6.3 Other Irregular Forms 3.8.7 Absolute Superlative 3.8.7.1 Regular Forms 3.8.7.2 Irregular Fonns from Comparatives in -ων 3.8.7.3 Other Irregular Forms 4. Adverbs 4.1 Historical Overview 4.2 Endings 4.2.1 Adverbs in -ως 4.2.2 Adverbs in -α 4.2.3 Addition of Final Consonant (/n/ or /s/) 4.2.4 Neuter Singular Forms 4.2.4.1 Degree or Quantity 4.2.4.2 Ordinal Numerals 4.2.4.3 Expressions of Time and Speed 4.2.4.4 Other Neuter Singular Forms 4.2.5 Adverbs in -ι(ς), -ἰ(ς) 4.2.6 Adverbs in -oυ 4.3 Comparative Forms 4.3.1 Synthetic Comparative and Superlative 4.3.2 Analytic Comparative and Superlative 4.3.3 Double Forms 4.3.4 Absolute Superlative 5. Articles, Pronouns and Determiners 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Articles 5.2.1 The Definite Article 5.2.2 The Indefinite Article 5.3 Personal Pronouns 5.3.1 Strong Fonns 5.3.1.1 1st Person Singular 5.3.1.2 2nd Person Singular 5.3.1.3 1st Person Plural 5.3.1.4 2nd Person Plural 5.3.1.5 3rd Person 5.3.2 Weak Forms 5.3.2.1 1st Person Singular 5.3.2.2 2nd Person Singular 5.3.2.3 3rd Person Singular 5.3.2.3.1 Invariable /tis/ 5.3.2.3.2 Masculine 5.3.2.3.3 Feminine 5.3.2.3.4 Neuter 5.3.2.4 1st Person Plural 5.3.2.5 2nd Person Plural 5.3.2.6 3rd Person Plural 5.3.2.6.1 Genitive Plural (All Genders) 5.3.2.6.2 Masculine Accusative Plural 5.3.2.6.3 Feminine Accusative Plural 5.3.2.6.4 Neuter Accusative Plural 5.3.3 The Periphrastic Personal Pronoun (τoῦ) λόγoυ μoυ 5.3.4 The Periphrastic Personal Pronoun aὐτόν μoυ etc. 5.4 Possessive Pronouns and Determiners 5.4.1 Weak (Clitic) Forms 5.4.1.1 1st and 2nd Persons Singular 5.4.1.2 3rd Person Singular 5.4.1.3 1st and 2nd Persons Plural 5.4.1.4 3rd Person Plural 5.4.2 Emphatic Forms 5.4.3 Residual Forms 5.5 Demonstrative Pronouns and Determiners 5.5.1 Spatio-temporal Demonstratives 5.5.1.1 Introduction and Historical Overview 5.5.1.2 αὐτός 5.5.1.3 ἀτός 5.5.1.4 αὖτoς 5.5.1.5 έδαῦτoς/δαῦτoς 5.5.1.6 αὐτεῖνoς/αὐτόῦνoς/αῦτόνoς 5.5.1.7 εὐτός/εὐτoῦνoς/εὐτεῖνoς/εῦτόνoς 5.5.1.8 έκεῖνoς 5.5.1.9 έκειός 5.5.1.10 έδεκεῖνoς 5.5.1.11 oὖτoς/τoῦτoς 5.5.2 Qualitative Demonstratives 5.5.2.1 Introduction and Historical Overview 5.5.2.2 τoιoῦτoς 5.5.2.3 τἰτoιoς/τέτoιoς/ἐτέτoιoς/ἔτoιoς 5.5.2.4 τoιόσδε 5.5.3 Quantitative Demonstratives 5.5.3.1 Introduction and Historical Overview 5.5.3.2 τoσoς 5.5.3.3 τoσoῦτoς 5.5.3.4 τηλικoῦτoς 5.6 Intensive Pronouns 5.6.1 ἀτός μoυ 5.6.2 ἀπατός μoυ 5.6.3 ὁ ἴδιoς 5.6.4 μόνoς μoυ and μoναχός μoυ 5.7 Interrogative Pronouns 5.7.1 Simple Interrogatives 5.7.1.1 πoῖoς/πoιὁς 5.7.1.2 ὁπoῖoς 5.7.1.3 τἰς, τἰ 5.7.1.4 τἰντα/ἴντα 5.7.2 Quantitative/qualitative Interrogatives 5.7.2.1 πὁσoς 5.7.2.2 πoταπὁς 5.7.2.3 πoταπoῖoς 5.8 Indefinite Pronouns 5.8.1 τἰς 5.8.2 τἰπoτε 5.8.3 oὐδετινἀς 5.8.4 oὐδετἰπoτε 5.8.5 eἷς 5.8.6 oὐδεἰς 5.8.7 μηδεἰς 5.8.8 μηδετἰπoτε 5.8.9 κανεἰς 5.8.10 oὐδεκανεἰς 5.8.11 μηδεκανεἰς 5.8.12 κἀτἰς/ὁκἀτἰς 5.8.13 ὁκἀπoιoς/κἀπoιoς 5.8.14 καμπὁσoς/κἀμπoσoς 5.8.15 δεἲνα/ὁδεἲνα 5.8.16 ἐδεπoιὁς 5.8.17 ὁτωπoῖoς 5.8.18 ταδεπoιὁς 5.9 Relative Pronouns 5.9.1 Definite Relatives 5.9.1.1 ὁπoὐ/πoὐ 5.9.1.2 τὁν, τἠν, τὁ 5.9.1.3 ὁπoῖoς, ὁ πoῖoς, ὁ ὁπoῖoς, ὁ ὃπoῖoς 5.9.1.3.1 ὁπoῖoς 5.9.1.3.2 ὁ πoῖoς/ὁ πoιὁς 5.9.1.3.3 ὁ ὁπoῖoς/ὁ ὁπoιὁς 5.9.1.4 ὃς, ἥ, ὃ 5.9.1.4.1 Aspects of Usage 5.9.1.5 ὃσπερ, ἥπερ, ὃπερ 5.9.1.5.2 Usage 5.9.1.5.3 τὁν, τἠν, τὁ + ὃσπερ 5.9.1.6 τἰς 5.9.2 Indefinite Relatives 5.9.2.1 ὁπoῖoς/ὃπoιoς 5.9.2.2 ὃσoς 5.9.2.3 oἶoς/ὃγoιoς 5.9.2.4 oἶoςδἠπoτε, ὁπoιoςδἠπoτε 5.9.2.5 ὃστις 5.9.2.6 εἲτις, εἲτι 5.10 Contrastive Pronouns and Determiners 5.10.1 ἄλλoς 5.10.1.1 Singular Forms 5.10.1.2 Plural Forms 5.10.2 ἕτερoς 5.10.2.1 Masculine and Neuter Forms 5.10.2.2 Feminine Forms 5.11 Reflexive Pronominal Phrases 5.11.1 τὁν ἑαυτὁ(ν) μoυ 5.11.2 τὁν ἑμαυτὁ(ν) μoυ 5.12 Reciprocal Pronouns 5.12.1 ἀλλἠλων 5.12.2 ἀλλἠλως 5.12.3 Other Reciprocal Expressions 5.13 Universal and Other Quantifiers 5.13.1 Universal Quantifiers 5.13.1.1 ὃλoς 5.13.1.2. πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν 5.13.1.3 ἃπας, ἃπασα, ἃπαν 5.13.1.4 Indeclinable πἀσα(ν) and ἃπἀσα(ν) 5.13.1.5 πασαεἰς 5.13.1.6 πασακ(ι)ανεἰς 5.13.1.7 παντoῖoς 5.13.1.8 ἀμφὁτερoι 5.13.2 Distributive Pronouns and Determiners 5.13.2.1 ἓκαστoς 5.13.2.2 καθἐκαστoς 5.13.2.3 καθεἰς 5.13.2.4 κἀθε/κἀθα 6. Numerals 6.1 Cardinals 6.1.1 εἶς/ἔνας 6.1.2 Two 6.1.3 Three 6.1.4 Four 6.1.5 Five to Nine 6.1.5.1 Five 6.1.5.2 Six 6.1.5.3 Seven 6.1.5.4 Eight 6.1.5.5 Nine 6.1.6 The Tens (10-90) 6.1.6.1 Ten to Nineteen 6.1.6.2 Twenty and its Compounds 6.1.6.3 Thirty to Ninety 6.1.7 The Hundreds 6.1.8 Large Numbers 6.2 Ordinals 6.2.1 πρῶτoς, -η, -o(ν) 6.2.2 δεὐτερoς, ευτἐρα/δεὐτερη, δεὐτερo(ν) 6.2.3 τρἰτoς, -η, -o(ν) 6.2.4 τἐταρτoς, -η, -o(ν) 6.2.5 πἐμπτoς, -η, -o(ν)/πἐντατoς, -η, -o(ν) 6.2.6 ἔκτoς, -η, -o(ν)/ἔξατoς, -η, -o(ν) 6.2.7 ἔβδoμoς, -η, -o(ν)/ἔπτατoς/ἔφτατoς, -η, -o(ν) 6.2.8 ὅγδooς, -η, -o(ν)/ὅκτατoς/ὅχτατoς, -η, -o(ν) 6.2.9 ἔνατoς, -η, -o(ν) 6.2.10 The Tens 6.2.11 Large Numbers 6.2.12 Ordinals in Fractions 6.3 Collective Numerals 6.4 Multiplicative Numerals 6.5 Relative Numerals Volume 3. Verb Morphology Contents Contents (Volume 3) Correspondence Table of Graphemes and Phonemes Abbreviations Part III. Verb Morphology 1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of Developments in the Verbal System 1.1.1 Stems 1.1.2 Participles 1.1.3 The Augment 1.1.4 Conjugation 1.1.5 Morphosyntax 1.2 Paradigms and Tables 2. Stem Formation 2.1 Imperfective Stem 2.1.1 Barytone Verbs 2.1.1.1 Consonant Stems 2.1.1.1.1 Labial Stems 2.1.1.1.2 Dental Stems 2.1.1.1.3 Sibilant Stems 2.1.1.1.4 Velar Stems 2.1.1.1.5 Liquid Stems 2.1.1.1.6 Nasal Stems 2.1.1.2 Vowel Stems 2.1.1.3 Affixation and Modification of the Imperfective Stem 2.1.1.3.1 Affix -αιν- 2.1.1.3.2 Affix -σϰ- 2.1.2 Oxytone Verbs 2.1.2.1. A-stems and E-stems 2.1.2.2 Affixation and Modification of the Imperfective Stem 2.1.2.2.1 Addition of /n/ 2.1.2.2.2 Anaptyxis of /y/ 2.1.2.2.3 Developments in the Imperfect: Affixes -oυσ-, -αγ-, -ειγ-/-ηγ- and -oυν- 2.1.2.2.4 Analogical Levelling in the E-stem Paradigm and the Appearance of /j/ after Stem Consonants 2.1.3 Transfers between Verb Classes 2.1.3.1 Barytone to Oxytone 2.1.3.2 Oxytone to Barytone 2.2 Perfective Stem 2.2.1 Sigmatic 2.2.1.1 Vowel Stems 2.2.1.1.1 Active Voice 2.2.1.1.2 Passive Voice 2.2.1.2 Labial Stems 2.2.1.2.1 Active Voice 2.2.1.2.2 Passive Voice 2.2.1.3 Velar Stems 2.2.1.3.1 Active Voice 2.2.1.3.2 Passive Voice 2.2.1.4 Dental Stems (without underlying velar) 2.2.1.4.1 Active Voice 2.2.1.4.2 Passive Voice 2.2.1.5 Nasal Stems 2.2.1.5.1 Active Voice 2.2.1.5.2 Passive Voice 2.2.1.6 Voiced Sibilant Stems (without underlying velar) 2.2.1.6.1 Active Voice 2.2.1.6.2 Passive Voice 2.2.1.7 Barytone Verbs with a Vocalic Extension /i/ 2.2.1.7.1 Active Voice 2.2.1.7.2 Passive Voice 2.2.1.8 Barytone Verbs with a Change of Stem Vowel in the Passive Voice 2.2.1.9 Oxytone Verbs 2.2.1.9.1 -ησ- and -ηθ- 2.2.1.9.2 -ηξ- and -ηχθ-/-ηϰτ- 2.2.1.9.3 -ασ- and -ασθ-/-αστ- 2.2.1.9.4 -αξ- and -αχθ-/-αχτ-, -αϰτ- 2.2.1.9.5 -εσ- and -εθ-, -εσθ-/-εστ- 2.2.1.10 Verbs with an Alternative Stem Formation in -κ- 2.2.1.10.1 Indicative 2.2.1.10.2 Other Moods 2.2.2 Non-sigmatic 2.2.2.1 Nasal/liquid stems 2.2.2.1.1 Nasal Stems 2.2.2.1.2 Liquid Stems 2.2.2.2 Thematic Aorist 2.2.2.3 Vowel Stems 2.2.3 Addition of /s/ and /n/ 2.2.4 Adaptation of Loanwords 2.2.4.1 -άρω/-ἰρω/-έρω 2.2.4.1.1 Imperfective Stem 2.2.4.1.2 Perfective Stem 2.2.4.1.3 Passive Voice 2.2.4.2 -ιάζω 2.2.4.3 -ἰζω 2.2.4.4 Other 2.3 Participles 2.3.1 The Present Passive Participle 2.3.1.1 Barytone Verbs 2.3.1.2 Oxytone Verbs 2.3.2 The "Perfect" Passive Participle 2.4 Peculiarities in Single Verbs α β γ δ ε θ ϰ λ o π τ・υ φ 3. The Augment 3.1 Simple Verbs 3.1.1 Consonant-initial Verbs: Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.1.2 Consonant-initial Verbs: Syllabic /i/ Augment 3.1.2.1 Stressed and Unstressed - Broad Geographical Spread 3.1.2.2 Stressed /i/ Augment - Geographically Restricted 3.1.2.3 Unstressed /i/ Augment - Geographically Restricted 3.1.3 Absence of the Syllabic Augment 3.1.4 Vowel-initial Verbs 3.1.4.1 Temporal /i/ Augment 3.1.4.2 Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.1.4.3 Syllabic /i/ Augment 3.1.4.4 Absence of the Augment 3.2 Compound Verbs 3.2.1 Consonant-initial Verbs 3.2.2 Vowel-initial Verbs 3.2.2.1 External Temporal /i/ Augment 3.2.2.2 External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.2.2.3 External Syllabic /i/ Augment 3.2.2.4 Internal Augment 3.2.2.5 Absence of the Augment 3.3 Prefixed Verbs 3.3.1 Intemal Augment 3.3.1.1 Consonant-initial Verbs 3.3.1.1.1 Internal Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.1.1.2. Internal Syllabic /i/ Augment 3.3.1.2 Vowel-initial Verbs 3.3.1.2.1 Internal Temporal /i/ Augment 3.3.1.2.2 Internal Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.1.2.3 Double Internal Augment 3.3.2 External Augment 3.3.2.1 Consonant-initial Prefixes 3.3.2.1.1 External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.2.1.2 External Syllabic /i/ Augment 3.3.2.2 Vowel-initial Prefixes 3.3.2.2.1 External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.2.2.2 External Temporal/Syllabic /i/ Augment 3.3.3 Double Augment 3.3.3.1. Consonant-initial Verb with Consonant-initial Prefix 3.3.3.1.1 Internal and External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.3.1.2 Internal Syllabic /i/ Augment and External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.3.2 Consonant-initial Verb with Vowel-initial Prefix 3.3.3.2.1 Internal Syllabic /e/ Augment and External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.3.2.2 Internal Syllabic /e/ Augment and External Temporal /i/ Augment 3.3.3.3 Vowel-initial Verb with Consonant-initial Prefix 3.3.3.3.1 Internal Temporal /i/ and External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.3.3.2 Internal and External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.3.3.3 Internal Temporal /i/ and External Syllabic /i/ Augment 3.3.3.4 Vowel-initial Verb with Vowel-initial Prefix 3.3.3.4.1 Internal Temporal /i/ and External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.3.4.2 Internal and External /i/ Augment 3.3.3.4.3 Internal and External Syllabic /e/ Augment 3.3.3.5 Double External Augment 3.3.4 Absence of the Augment 3.3.4.1 Vowel-initial Prefix 3.3.4.2 Consonant-initial Prefix 4. Conjugation 4.1 The Present Indicative and Subjunctive 4.1.1 Barytone Verbs 4.1.1.1 Active Voice 4.1.1.2 Passive Voice 4.1.2 Oxytone Verbs 4.1.2.1 Active Voice 4.1.2.2 Passive Voice 4.2 The Aorist Subjunctive 4.2.1 Active Voice 4.2.2 Passive Voice 4.2.3 Verbs with Barytone and Oxytone Forms 4.3 The Imperfect 4.3.1 Barytone Verbs 4.3.1.1 Active Voice 4.3.1.2 Passive Voice 4.3.2 Oxytone Verbs 4.3.2.1 Active Voice 4.3.2.2 Passive Voice 4.4 The Aorist Indicative 4.4.1 Active Voice 4.4.1.1 Barytone and Oxytone Verbs 4.4.1.2 Residual Thematic Aorist 4.4.2 Passive Voice 4.5 The Imperative 4.5.1 The Present Imperative 4.5.1.1 Barytone Verbs 4.5.1.1.1 Active Voice 4.5.1.1.2 Passive Voice 4.5.1.2 Oxytone Verbs 4.5.1.2.1 Active Voice 4.5.1.2.2 Passive Voice 4.5.2 The Aorist Imperative 4.5.2.1 Active Voice 4.5.2.2 Passive Voice 4.5.2.3 /a/ Imperatives 4.5.2.3.1 Active Voice 4.5.2.3.2 Passive Voice 4.5.2.4 Verbs with Barytone and Oxytone Forms 4.6 The Infinitive 4.6.1 The Present Infinitive 4.6.1.1 Active Voice 4.6.1.1.1 Barytone Verbs 4.6.1.1.2 Oxytone Verbs 4.6.1.2 Passive Voice 4.6.1.2.1 Barytone Verbs 4.6.1.2.2 Oxytone Verbs 4.6.2 The Aorist Infinitive 4.6.2.1 Active Voice 4.6.2.2 Passive Voice 4.6.2.3 Infinitives with Barytone and Oxytone Forms 4.7 The Gerund 4.7.1 Present 4.7.2 Aorist 4.8 The Verb εἶμαι 4.8.1 Present Indicative and Subjunctive 4.8.2 Imperfect 4.8.3 Imperative 4.8.4 Infinitive 4.8.5 Participle and Gerund 4.9 Residual Forms and Innovations 4.9.1 Residual Forms 4.9.1.1 The Middle Aorist Indicative 4.9.1.2 The Middle Aorist Infinitive 4.9.1.3 The Middle Aorist Imperative 4.9.1.4 The Future Indicative 4.9.1.5 The Perfect and Pluperfect 4.9.1.6 The Imperative of Root Aorists 4.9.1.7 3rd Person Imperatives 4.9.1.8 The Optative 4.9.2 The Middle Voice 4.9.2.1 The Aorist Indicative 4.9.2.2 The Aorist Subjunctive 4.9.2.3 The Aorist Infinitive 4.9.2.4 The Future 4.9.3 The Perfect and Pluperfect 4.9.3.1 Reduplication 4.9.3.2 The Perfect 4.9.3.3 The Pluperfect 5. Morphosyntax 5.1 The Future 5.1.1 νἀ + Subjunctive 5.1.2 μἑλλω 5.1.2.1 μἑλλω + Infinitive 5.1.2.2 μἑλλω νά + Subjunctive 5.1.2.3 μἑλλει νά + Subjunctive 5.1.2.4 μἑλλεται νά + Subjunctive 5.1.2.5 μἑλλoμαι νά + Aorist Subjunctive 5.1.2.6 μἑλλoμαι + Infinitive 5.1.3 ἔχω 5.1.3.1 ἔχω + Infinitive 5.1.3.2 ἔχω νά + Subjunctive 5.1.3.3 ἔχει νά + Subjunctive 5.1.3.4 ἔχω + Subjunctive 5.1.4 θέλω 5.1.4.1 θέλω + Infinitive 5.1.4.2 θέλω + Subjunctive 5.1.4.3 θέλει + Subjunctive 5.1.4.4 θέλω νά + Subjunctive 5.1.4.5 θέλει νά + Subjunctive 5.1.4.6 θελά + Subjunctive 5.1.4.7 θὲ(ν) νά + Subjunctive 5.1.5 θά 5.1.6 εἶμαι 5.1.6.1 εἶμαι νά + Aorist Subjunctive 5.1.6.2 εἶμαι/εἶν/ἔ(ν) νά + Subjunctive 5.1.7 πά 5.2 The Conditional 5.2.1 ἔμελλoν/ἔμελλα 5.2.1.1 ἔμελλoν + Infinitive 5.2.1.2 ἔμελλα νά + Subjunctive 5.2.1.3 ἔμελλε(ν)/ἤμελλε(ν) νά + Subjunctive 5.2.1.4 ἔμελλε(ν) νά + Aorist Indicative/Imperfect 5.2.1.5 ἔμέλλετo(ν) νά + Subjunctive 5.2.2 εἶχα 5.2.2.1 εἶχα + Infinitive 5.2.2.2 εἶχα νά + Subjunctive 5.2.2.3 εἶχα + Subjunctive 5.2.2.4 εἶχε(v) + Subjunctive 5.2.2.5 εἶχα/εἶχε(v) with Past Tense Complementation· 5.2.3 ἤθελα 5.2.3.1 ἤθελα + Infinitive 5.2.3.2 ἤθελα + Subjunctive 5.2.3.3 ἤθελε(v) + Subjunctive 5.2.3.4 ἤθελα νά + Subjunctive 5.2.3.5 ἤθελα (νά) with Past Tense Complementation 5.2.3.6 ἤθε(v) with Various Complementations 5.2.4 ἤτov/ἤμoυν 5.2.4.1 ἤμoυν/ἤτov νά + Subjunctive 5.2.4.2 ἤτov νά with Past Tense Complementation 5.2.5 ἤρτα + Various Complementations 5.3 The Pluperfect 5.3.1 εἷχα 5.3.1.1 εἷχα + Infinitive 5.3.1.2 εἷχα/ἤμoυν + Participle 5.3.1.3 εἷχα/ἤμoυν + Verbal Adjective 5.3.1.4 εἷχα + Noun 5.3.1.5 εἷχα + Present Gerund 5.3.1.6 εἷχα + Subjunctive 5.3.1.7 εἷχε(v) + Subjunctive 5.3.2 ἤθελα 5.3.2.1 ἤθελα + Infinitive 5.3.2.2 ἤθελα + Subjunctive 5.3.2.3 ἤθελε ἤμoυν + Perfect Passive Participle 5.3.3 ἤμην/ἤμoυν 5.3.3.1 ἤμην/ἤμoυν + Aorist Gerund 5.3.3.2 ἤτov νά + Subjunctive 5.4 The Perfect 5.4.1 Indicative and Subjunctive 5.4.1.1 ἔχω/εἶμαι + Passive Participle 5.4.1.2 εἶμαι + Perfect Passive Participle with Active Meaning 5.4.1.3 ἔχω + Verbal Adjective 5.4.1.4 ἔχω + Noun 5.4.1.5 ἔχω + Gerund 5.4.1.6 ἔχω + Infinitive 5.4.2 Imperative 5.4.3 Infinitive 5.4.4 Gerund 5.5 The Future Perfect 5.5.1 θέλω + Perfect Infinitive 5.5.2 ἤθελα + Perfect Infinitive 5.5.3 ἤθελα/ἤθελε + Pluperfect 5.5.4 μἑλλω/μἑλλει νά + Perfect Subjunctive 5.6 The Aorist and the Imperfect 5.6.1 εἷχα/ἤθελα + Aorist Infinitive 5.6.2 εἷχα/ἤθελα + Present Infinitive 5.6.3 εἷχα/ἤμoυν + Perfect Passive Participle 5.6.4 εἷχα + Aorist Subjunctive 5.6.5 εἷχα + Present Subjunctive 5.6.6 ἤμην + Present Participle 5.7 The Subjunctive 5.7.1 ἔχω 5.7.1.1 ἔχω + Infinitive 5.7.1.2 ἔχω + Perfect Passive Participle 5.7.1.3 εἷχα + Infinitive 5.7.2 θέλω 5.7.2.1 θέλω + Infinitive 5.7.2.2 θέλω νά + Subjunctive 5.7.2.3 ἤθελα + Infinitive 5.7.2.4 θέ νά + Subjunctive 5.7.2.5 θά 5.7.3 μἑλλω + Infinitive 5.7.4 πά (νά)+ Subjunctive 5.7.5 θέλω ἔρθει νά + Subjunctive Volume 4. Syntax Contents Contents (Volume 4) Correspondence Table of Graphemes and Phonemes Abbreviations Part IV. Syntax Introduction 1. Main Clauses 1.1 Subject and Predicate 1.1.1 Subjects 1.1.2 Nominal and Adjectival Predicative Complements 1.2 Statements 1.2.1 Statements about the Present and the Past 1.2.2.1 Verb Forms Denoting Future/Possible Events 1.2.2.2 Verb Forms Denoting Hypothetical/Conditional Events 1.3 Commands and Prohibitions 1.4 Questions and Exclamations 1.4.1 Questions 1.4.2 Exclamations 1.5 Wishes 2. Complement Clauses 2.1 Verbs of ''Reporting'' and ''Declaring'' 2.2 Control Predicates 2.3 Verbs of ''Fearing'' and ''Precaution" 2.4 Verbs Taking Indirect Questions 3. Adverbial Clauses 3.1 Final (Purpose) Clauses 3.2 Consecutive (Result) Clauses 3.3 Conditional Clauses 3.3.1 Future/Generic Trme Reference 3.3.1.1 Subjunctive in Protasis 3.3.1.2 Past Indicative/Conditional in Protasis 3.3.2 Present Time Reference 3.3.2.1 Present Indicative in Protasis 3.3.2.2 Imperfect/Conditional in Protasis 3.3.3 Past Time Reference 3.3.3.1 Past Indicative in Protasis 3.3.3.2 Conditional in Protasis 3.4 Temporal Clauses 3.4.1 Past-time Temporal Clauses Denoting Preceding/Overlapping Events 3.4.1.1 Preceding the Event Described in the Main Clause 3.4.1.2 Overlapping with the Event Described in the Main Clause 3.4.2 Non-past Temporal Clauses Denoting Preceding/Overlapping Events 3.4.2.1 Preceding the Event Described in the Main Clause 3.4.2.2 Overlapping with the Event Described in the Main Clause 3.4.3 Past/Non-past Temporal Clauses Denoting Following Events 3.4.3.1 Containing Subjunctives 3.4.3.2 Containing Past Indicatives (in Past Time Only) 3.4.4 Other Types of Temporal Clause 3.4.4.1 Nominalized Verb Forms 3.4.4.2 Gerunds 3.5 Causal Clauses 3.6 Concessive Clauses 3.7 Comparative Clauses 3.8 Other Adverbial Clauses 4. Verbs and Verb Phrases 4.1 Person and Number 4.2 Voice 4.3 Mood 4.4 Time Reference and Aspect 4.4.1 Present Indicative (Present Imperfective Indicative) 4.4.2 Imperfect Indicative (Past Imperfective Indicative) 4.4.3 Aorist Indicative (Past Perfective Indicative) 4.4.4 Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Indicatives 4.4.5 Future/Conditionals, Subjunctives and Imperatives 4.4.6 Gerunds and Participles 4.4.7 Infinitives 5. Nouns and Noun Phrases 5.1 Uses of the Cases 5.1.1 Nominative 5.1.2 Vocative 5.1.3 Accusative 5.1.3.1 Complements of Verbs 5.1.3.2 Accusative Adjuncts 5.1.4 Genitive 5.1.4.1 Complements of Verbs 5.1.4.2 Genitive Adjuncts 5.1.5 Dative 5.2 Complements of Nouns 5.2.1 Subjective and Objective Genitives 5.2.2 Partitive Genitives 5.2.3 Clausal Complements 5.3 Adjuncts of Nouns 5.3.1 Genitive Adjuncts 5.3.2 Articles and Other Determiners 5.3.2.1 Definite NPs and the Definite Article 5.3.2.2 Indefinite NPs and Indefinite Determiners 5.3.2.3 Demonstratives 5.3.3 Relative Clauses 6. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 6.1 Simple Prepositional Phrases 6.1.1 Frequently Occurring Prepositions+Accusative 6.1.2 Prepositions of More Limited Frequency 6.2 Phrases with a Governing Adverb 6.2.1 Adverb Governing a PP (Headed by ἀπό/ἐκ, εἰς/ἐπί, μἐ) 6.2.2 Adverb + Genitive NP 7. Coordination and Apposition 7.1 Coordination 7.1.1 Sentences and Clauses 7.1.2 Contrastive and Disjunctive Clausal Coordination 7.1.3 Other Constituents 7.2 Apposition 7.2.1 Appositive Clauses 7.2.2 Appositive NPs 8. Constituent Order 8.1 General Principles 8.1.1 Topicalization 8.1.2 Focalization 8.2 Clitic Pronouns and the Verbal Complex 8.2.1 V Initial in VC 8.2.2 V Non-Initial in VC: cl+V 8.3 Clitic Pronouns and Periphrastic Verb Forms Index of Linguistic Terms and Concepts A B・C D・E・F・G H・I K・L・M N O・P Q・R S T・U・V W Index of Greek Words and Phrases α β γ・δ ε ζ・η θ・ι・κ λ・μ ν ξ・o π ρ・σ τ υ・φ・χ ψ・ω Index of Innovative Greek Endings and Suffixes -α -ε -η・-ι -μ・-ν -o -σ・-υ・-ω・-∅