Emerging Physics (For the University of Pune)

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Emerging Physics Copyright Contents Preface About the Authors History and Philosophy of Physics Physics Today Physics in the Pre-Modern Era Early Thought Ancient Indian Philosophy Philosophy of the Ancient Greeks Astronomy in the Ancient Times Some Aspects of the Methodology of Ancient Philosophers Zeno’s Paradox The Middle Ages and the Islamic Contribution The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Renaissance in Science and the Scientific Revolution The Copernican Revolution Explaining Astronomical Observations: Planetary Orbits Galileo Galilei The Method of Science Isaac Newton and his Contemporaries Post-Newtonian Classical Physics Up to the Nineteenth Century Heat Optics Electromagnetism Atomic Structure Mechanics The Wave–Particle Seesaw of Light Black-Body Radiation Further Evidence for the Particle Model of Light From Classical to Quantum Mechanics The Bohr Atom Development of Quantum Mechanics Bose and his Statistics Pauli’s Exclusion Principle Uncertainly Principle Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Some Other Major Contributions in the Twentieth Century Astronomy Sub-atomic Physics Solid-State Physics and Electronics Extraordinary Contributors Indian Scientists Jagdish Chandra Bose Sir Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman Meghnad Saha Satyendra Nath Bose Subrahmanyan Chandrashekhar Philosophical Aspects Universal Law of Gravitation Coulomb’s Law Planck’s Law Bohr’s Hydrogen Atom Special Theory of Relativity The Ether Hypothesis The Quantitative Nature of Physics On the Language of Physics The Message Lasers and Laser Applications Applications of Lasers Medicine Optical Communication Defence Mechanical Industry Electronic Industry Consumer Electronic Industry Nuclear Energy Holography Fundamental Research Introduction Interaction of Radiation With Matter Einstein’s Prediction Important Features of Stimulated Emission Metastable State Population of Atoms Einstein’s Relations Population Inversion Active Medium Laser Pumping Three-level Pumping Scheme Four-level Pumping Scheme Optical Feedback The Stable Confi guration Characteristics of Lasers Types of Lasers Ruby Laser Helium–Neon Laser Sensors and Transducers Introduction Electrical Transducers Selecting a Transducer Temperature Sensors Thermocouple Thermocouple Materials Thermistors Platinum Resistance Thermometers IC Temperature Sensors Quartz Thermometer Pyrometers Light Sensors Vacuum-Type Photocell Gas-Filled Photocell Photomultiplier Tubes Photoconductive Cells (LDRs) Photodiode Phototransistors Photothyristors Photovoltaic Cells Bioelectricity Neuron Structure And Function Nervous System Nervous System of Humans Neurons Electricity Observed in Living Systems Introduction Origin of Bioelectricity Electric Properties of the Biological Membrane An Axon as a Cable Membrane Resistance and Capacitance Sodium and Potassium Transport Resting Potential And Action Potential Conduction Velocity Ionic Theory of Nerve Impulse Transmission of Nerve Impulse Along the Nerve Fibre Saltatory Conduction of Nerve Impulse Nernst Equation Applications of Bioelectricity Electrocardiogram Electroencephalogram Electromyogram Electroretinogram Electrooculograph Nanomaterials Introduction A Brief History of Nanotechnology Nanoscience What is Nanoscience? How Do We Study Nanoscale Objects? Impact of Nanoscience Quantum Size Effect Quantum Confi nement Particle in a Box Quantum Dot Quantum Wire Modelling of Quantum Size Effect Surface and Interface Effects What Makes Nanoscience so Special Optical Properties Electrical Properties Chemical Properties Mechanical Properties Magnetic Properties Melting Temperature Structural Properties Preparing Nanoscale Materials Top-Down Approach Bottom-Up Approach Chemical Methods Physical Methods Biomimicking (Biological Nanomaterials) Microelectromechanical System Nanoelectromechanical Systems Carbon—A Special Material Nanoscale Miracles Nanoethics The Good Things About Nanotechnology The Bad Things About Nanotechnology Appendix Index