Basic photographic materials and processes

Description

Cover Half Title Title Copyright Dedication Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms Introduction SECTION 1: CAPTURE 1 Light and Photometry The Nature of Light Measuring Light Waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Visible Spectrum Spectral Power Distributions Solid-Object Sources and the Heat-Light Relationship Vapor Sources and the Effect of Electrical Discharge Luminescence, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Methods of Measuring Light Intensity Flux Illuminance Luminance Color Temperature The Mired Scale Color Rendering Index The Color Quality Scale Describing the Appearance of Light The Polarization of Light Commonly Encountered Light Sources Sunlight Tungsten-Filament Lamps Tungsten-Halogen Lamps Fluorescent Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps High-Intensity Discharge Lamps Electronic Flash Light-Emitting Diodes Proof of Concept: Visualizing the Spectral Output of Light Sources 2 Photographic Optics Image Formation with a Pinhole Image Formation with a Lens Lens Focal Length Normal Focal Length Telephoto Focal Lengths Wide-Angle Focal Lengths Variable Focal Length The Relationship Between Focal Length and Perspective Focal Length and Image Size Object Distance and Image Size Focal Length and Object Distance Drawing Lens Diagrams Depth of Field Depth of Field Controls Depth of Field and F-Number Depth of Field and Object Distance Depth of Field and Focal Length Depth of Focus Specialty Lenses Macro Lenses Perspective Control Lenses Catadioptric Lenses Reversed Telephoto Wide-Angle Lenses Supplemental Lenses Extension Tubes and Teleconverters Lens Shortcomings and Aberrations Chromatic Aberration Spherical Aberration Diffraction Vignetting Bokeh Barrel and Pincushion Distortion Flare Proof of Concept: Focal Length, Subject Distance and Portraits 3 Digital Camera Technology The Single Lens Reflex Camera Design Recording Light with Digital Image Sensors Bayer Pattern Color Filter Array X-Trans Color Filter Array Camera Sensor Technologies Charge-Coupled Device Sensor Sparse Color Filter Array Sensor Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Sensor Backside Illumination Detectors Foveon Sensor Image Sensor Sizes Camera Sensor Resolution Pixel Pitch Image Bit Depth Aliasing and Moiré Patterns Apertures Shutters Leaf Shutters Focal Plane Shutters Electronic Shutters Automatic Exposure and Metering Automatic Focus Phase Detection Autofocus Contrast Detection Autofocus Active Autofocus Autofocus Points Image Stabilization Lens-Based Optical Image Stabilization Camera-Based Image Stabilization Electronic Image Stabilization Camera Viewfinders Optical Viewfinders Electronic Viewfinders Electronic Flash Camera Form Factors and Characteristics Single Lens Reflex Cameras Medium Format Cameras Rangefinders View Cameras Mirrorless Cameras Compact Cameras Mobile Phone Cameras Action Cameras Camera Storage Media 4 Photographic Exposure Exposure Determination Dictating Exposure Time with Shutter Speed Dictating the Amount of Light with F-Number Lens Speed Dictating Effective Sensitivity with Gain and ISO Exposure and Dynamic Range Blooming The Utility of Image Histograms Histogram Interpretation In-Camera versus Desktop Software Histograms Exposure Value Equivalent Exposure The Image Capture/Exposure Sequence Using a Neutral Reference Target In-Camera Exposure Metering Matrix or Evaluative Metering Center-Weighted Metering Spot Metering Exposure Compensation Automatic Exposure Behaviors Handheld Light Metering Alternative Metering Methods Synchronizing Flash and Camera Exposure Exposing to the Right Bracketing Exposure Setting White Balance Proof of Concept: Optimizing Photographic Exposure with Low Light Shooting 5 Lens Filters Transmittance, Opacity and Density How Light is Filtered The Filter Factor Color Filters Neutral Density Filters Polarizing Filters Ultraviolet and Infrared Filters Spectrophotometric Absorption Curves Proof of Concept: Constructing Color Images Using Color Separations 6 Motion Video Fundamentals Motion Perception and Memory Persistent Images Afterimages Visual Memory Defining Motion Video and its Parameters Frame Rate Shutter Angle Resolution Aspect Ratio Video Formats and Encoding Strategies Intraframe and Interframe Encoding Chroma Subsampling Video Codecs Motion JPEG MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (H.264) High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265) VP9 AOMedia Video 1 (AV1) Audio in Video Bitrate and File Size Video Quality Artifacts Blocking Packet Loss Ringing Mosquito Noise Color Bleeding Jerkiness Emerging Trends in Motion Video Wide Color Gamut and High Dynamic Range Short Form or Micro Video Immersive Video SECTION 2: PROCESS 7 Demosaicing and Interpolation Contents of a Raw File Image Interpolation Demosaicing Image Data Processing Steps Following Demosaicing Exposure Adjustment Color Space Mapping Gamma Correction Noise Reduction Anti-Aliasing Filter Sharpening Reinterpreting Raw with New Algorithms Resampling an Image Nearest Neighbor Interpolation Bilinear Interpolation Bicubic Interpolation The Life Cycle of Image Pixel Data 8 Digital Asset Management Defining Image Data Image Data and Quality Image File Formats Raw DNG JPEG TIFF BMP GIF PNG HEIF Proprietary Editing Software Formats Why Raw Works for Digital Asset Management The Photographic Workflow Image Ingestion Naming Files Cataloging Software Image Editing Metadata and Keywords Image Data and File Sizes File Storage Options Optical Disc Media Hard Disk Drives Solid State Drives Disk Configurations Backup Solutions Remote Server File Hosting and Storage Services Data Recovery Avenues for Data Transfer Data Transfer Connection Standards Computer Workstation Hardware Central Processing Unit Graphics Processing Unit Random Access Memory Storage Drives Proof of Concept: Considering File Types and Image Content 9 Digital Tone Reproduction Objective and Subjective Tone Reproduction The Evolution of Tone Reproduction Revisiting the Image Histogram Interpreting the Tone Curve Using the Curves Tool to Modify Tones Inverting Tones for Negative Film Scans The Zero-Sum Game of Tone Reproduction Using the Levels Tool to Modify Tones Common Tone Reproduction Software Controls Color Correction and the ColorChecker Color Balancing Using Color Channel Curves Split Toning Proof of Concept: Color Correcting Film Scans using Curves 10 Software Filters Sharpening an Image Blurring an Image Blending Images Black and White Conversion Digital Filtering for Special Effect Filter Masking Proof of Concept: Reproducing an Aesthetic Filter Process 11 Camera Characterization and Image Quality The Imaging Pipeline The Many Tasks of the Image Signal Processor ISP Task: Auto White Balance ISP Task: Black Level Subtraction ISP Task: Stuck Pixels ISP Task: Demosaicing ISP Task: Compressing and Saving ISP Task: Video Recording Characterizing a Camera Testing Sensor Linearity Evaluating Bright and Low Light Performance Categorizing Image Noise Fixed Pattern Noise Dark Noise Read Noise Photon Noise Signal to Noise Ratio Delineating Noise from Graininess Considering Sensor Dynamic Range Identifying Non-Uniformities Evaluating Lens Quality: Sharpness and Detail Modulation Transfer Function Interpreting an MTF Plot Shooting to Evaluate Image Definition Assessing Color Accuracy Calculating Color Difference White Balance Accuracy Calibrating Autofocus Considering Your Imaging Tools Proof of Concept: Comparing Noise Characteristics of Two Cameras 12 Image Compression Image Compression and Information Theory The Basic Stages of Image Compression Finding Redundancies in Image Data Spatial or Interpixel Redundancy Coding Redundancy Psychovisual Redundancy Temporal Redundancy Compression and Scene Content Lossless Compression Approaches for Removing Spatial Redundancy Run-Length Encoding Bit-Plane Encoding Differential Encoding Lossless Compression Approaches for Removing Coding Redundancy Huffman Coding Lempel–Ziv–Welch Compression The YCbCr Color Space Compressing Color Using Discrete Cosine Transforms to Compress JPEG Compression Common Image Compression Artifacts Blocking Artifacts Ringing Artifacts Posterization Color Bleeding Generation Loss SECTION 3: OUTPUT 13 Color Vision and Systems Sensing Light with the Human Eye Color Vision Theories Testing Color Vision Color Vision Deficiencies Methods of Creating Color Additive Mixing Subtractive Mixing Metamerism’s Role in Color Reproduction Partitive Mixing Defining Color with Color Specification Systems The Pantone System of Color Specification The Munsell System of Color Specification The CIE System of Color Specification The CIE Chromaticity Diagram CIELAB Space The Roles of Light and Color on Perception and Perspective Light Adaptation Color Contrast Linear Perspective Color and Perceived Distance Shape and Dimension Size and Relative Size Depth of Field Lighting Overlap Aerial Haze Texture Proof of Concept: Looking Closely at Additive Color Mixing on Displays 14 Color Management Why Color Management Matters Who Governs Color Management? Reviewing Color Data Concepts Color Space Types sRGB, Adobe RGB and ProPhoto RGB Pointer’s Gamut Revisiting the ColorChecker Defining Characterization and Calibration Color Management Systems The ICC Profile Canned Profiles The iccMAX Profile CMYK Profiles Converting or Assigning Profiles Creating Profiles with Color Measurement Tools Input Profiles for Cameras or Scanners Display Device Profiles Printer Profiles Gamut Handling and the Profile Connection Space Rendering Intents Evaluating Color Reproduction Measuring and Comparing Color Color Correction Establishing an Appropriate Workspace Setup Soft Proofing with Profiles A Soft Proofing Workflow 15 Display Technology Relevant Display Technologies for Photographers Cathode Ray Tube Liquid Crystal Display Organic Light-Emitting Diode Quantum Dot Display Connection Standards Display Resolution Aspect Ratio and Screen Size Refresh Rates and Response Time Display Dynamic Range, Brightness and Bit Depth Display Color Gamut Defining the Display Viewing Conditions Viewing Angle Viewing Distance Calibration and Configuration for Color Management Recommended Settings and Conditions Display Profile Characteristics Emerging Display Trends and Applications Night Modes and Reduced Blue Light Exposure Electronic Viewfinders Head Mounted Displays Proof of Concept: Documenting the Growth in Mobile Device Display Capabilities 16 Printing and Physical Media The Fundamentals of Printing Pixels Per Inch and Dots Per Inch Continuous Tone and Halftone Printing Printer Technologies Inkjet Printing Photosensitive Light Writing Printing Electrophotographic Printing with Dry Toners Electrophotographic Printing with Liquid Toners Thermal Dye-Diffusion Printing Dye Sublimation Printing Ink Technology Aqueous Inkjet Inks Solvent Inks Ultraviolet Curable Inks Latex Inks Dye Sublimation Inks Printing Substrates Aqueous Inkjet Substrates Chromogenic Substrates Liquid Toner Substrates Dry Toner Substrates Dye Sublimation Substrates Photo Paper Characteristics Paper Weight and Thickness Surface Sheen Surface Texture Brightness and Optical Brightening Agents Mineral Whiteners Paper White Point Understanding Printer Settings Photo Black and Matte Black Inks Printhead Height Printing Bit Depth Super MicroWeave and Finest Detail High-Speed Printing Output Resolution Printer Drivers Print Size and Viewing Distance Raster Image Processing Hard Proofing Printing Issues Evaluating Paper and Print Quality Testing for OBAs Measuring Color Gamut and White Point Measuring Black Point Density and Gloss Critically Evaluating Color and Contrast Index