Theory and Application of Rare Earth Materials

Description

This book starts with a theoretical introduction of the rare earth materials, and it subsequently analyzes the essential characteristics of these materials from elements, compounds to physical chemistry and metal materials, etc. Under the supplementary explanation of experimental data and results, the research is gradually guided into the multi-domain application scene. Through extensive analyses, this book displays comprehensively the distinguished values of the rare earth materials and the theoretical, empirical, and practical significance of rare earth materials is unraveled. It also covers an exhaustive review of 17 rare earth elements, their characteristics, and more possibilities in physical chemistry, functional materials, metallurgy, composites and engineering, and their prospects in production and technical applications. In-depth account of the whole spectrum of rare earth material research makes this book a unique reference to academic researchers, students, and engineers. Cover Half Title Theory and Application of Rare Earth Materials Copyright Contents Abbreviations List of Figures 1. Quantum Chemical Basis of Chemical Bonds 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Quantum Chemical Basis 1.3 Schrödinger Equation 1.4 Electron Configuration of Atoms 1.5 Size and Valence State of Rare Earth Atoms and Ions 1.6 Specific Properties of the Lanthanides 1.7 Valence Bond Theory 1.8 Structures of Multi-atomic Molecules 1.9 Hybrid Orbitals 1.10 Cluster Compounds 1.11 Molecular Spectroscopy References 2. Occurrence State and Resources of Rare Earth Elements 2.1 Situation of Rare Earth Elements in the Periodic Table 2.2 Discovery of the Rare Earth Elements 2.3 Occurrence State of Rare Earth Minerals 2.4 Rare Earth Resources and Optimization Strategies 2.5 Geochemistry of Non-mineral Rare Earth Occurrence States 2.6 Distribution Characteristics in Beihai Peninsula 2.7 Distribution Characteristics in Xiamen West Sea 2.8 Tracing of Ancient Turquoise Origin Based on Rare Earth Elements 2.9 Rare Earth Content of Loess Plateau Surface Soil 2.10 Rare Earth Accumulation, Distribution, and Migration in Soil References 3. Properties, Compounds, and Complexes of Rare Earth Elements 3.1 Physical Properties of Rare Earth Elements 3.2 Chemical Properties of Rare Earth Metals 3.3 Reactions of Rare Earth Metals with Non-metals 3.4 Complexes of Rare Earth Elements References 4. Rare Earth Invar Alloys, Intermetallic Compounds, and Composite Oxides 4.1 Invar Alloys 4.2 Thermodynamics of Intermetallic Compounds 4.3 Use of the Gibbs–Duhem Equation to Calculate Activity 4.4 Thermodynamic Study of Rare Earth Compounds 4.5 Thermodynamic Study of Single Oxides 4.6 Thermodynamic Study of Composite Oxides 4.7 Thermodynamic Study of Non-stoichiometric Compounds 4.8 Thermodynamic Study of Non-oxide Systems References 5. Rare Earth Nanomaterials 5.1 On Nanomaterials 5.2 Basic Features and Characteristics of Nanoparticles 5.3 Structure of Nanoparticles 5.4 Nano Block Materials 5.5 Nanocomposites 5.6 Preparation of Rare Earth Nano-Oxide Materials 5.7 Preparation of Multi-dimensional Rare Earth Materials 5.8 Composites and Assembly of Rare Earth Nanomaterials 5.9 CeO2 Nanofibers 5.10 Study of Low-Dimensional Nanostructured Gd2O3 5.11 Composites of Dendrimers and Inorganic Nanoparticles 5.12 Fluorescence-Based Immunoassay of Rare Earth Nanoprobes 5.13 Rare Earth Nanoparticle Memory 5.14 Effects of Rare Earth Coating References 6. Solid Electrolytes Based on Rare Earth Oxides and Fluorides 6.1 Brief Description 6.2 ZrO2(+Y2O3) Stable Solid Electrolyte (YSZ) 6.3 Bi2O3-Y2O3 Solid Electrolyte 6.4 Rare Earth Fluoride-Ion Conductors 6.5 Rare Earth Solid Electrolytes at High Temperature 6.6 Interaction Between Element Atoms in Metal Melts References 7. High-Temperature Proton Conductors Containing Rare Earths 7.1 Brief Introduction 7.2 Preparation of High-Temperature Proton Conductors 7.3 Causes of Proton Conduction in Perovskite Materials 7.4 Discussion on Some Perovskite Proton Conductors 7.5 Infrared Spectroscopy 7.6 Application of Perovskite Proton Conductors References 8. Role and Application of Rare Earth Elements in Steel 8.1 Early Recognition 8.2 Rare Earth Oxides, Sulfide, Carbides and Nitrides 8.3 Deoxidation, Desulfurization Effect 8.4 Vahed and Kay’s Work 8.5 Thermodynamic Experiments in Liquid Iron 8.6 Thermodynamic Studies on the Nucleation of Rare Earth Compounds 8.7 Effects of Rare Earths and Sn, Pb, As, Tb, Bi, etc. 8.8 Solid-Soluble Rare Earths in Iron and Steel and Alloying Action 8.9 Role of Electroslag Containing Rare Earth Slag 8.10 Permeability of Slag for Electroslag Remelting 8.11 Rare Earth Applications in Some Steel Types 8.12 Surface Infiltration of Rare Earths in Steel 8.13 Production of Rare Earth-Containing Steel References 9. Application of Rare Earths in Nodular and Vermicular Cast Iron 9.1 On Nodular and Vermicular Cast Iron 9.2 Double-Peak Effect of the Taylor Expansion Equation 9.3 Process Conditions for Stable Production 9.4 Metallurgical Factors Affecting Production 9.5 Thermodynamic Study of the Effects of Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth References 10. Role of Rare Earths in Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys 10.1 Role of Rare Earths in Ni, Cu, and Al Solutions 10.2 Role of Rare Earths in Mg Alloy Solutions 10.3 Properties of Rare Earth Alloys 10.4 Effect of Rare Earths on Non-ferrous Alloys 10.5 Application of Rare Earth-Magnesium Alloy Bone Grafting Materials 10.6 Application of High Pressure to Form New Alloys References 11. Application of Rare Earths in Agriculture, Forestry, and Animal Husbandry 11.1 Brief Description 11.2 Rare Earths in Agriculture, Forestry, and Animal Husbandry 11.3 Study of Rare Earth Bio-inorganic Chemistry 11.4 Use of Rare Earth Compounds as Drugs 11.5 Glue-Powder-Modified Pavement Asphalt 11.6 Biological Effect of Rare Earths on Algae 11.7 Application of Rare Earths in Animal Breeding 11.8 Other Rare Earth Research in Different Fields References 12. Rare Earth Catalysts and Catalytic Activity 12.1 Brief Description 12.2 Characteristics and Definitions of Catalytic Activity 12.3 Basic Features of Catalytic Activity 12.4 Composition and Functions of Catalysts 12.5 Adsorption and Multiphase Catalytic Reactions 12.6 Metal Oxide Catalysts and Their Catalytic Activity 12.7 Molecular Sieve Catalysts and Their Catalytic Activity 12.8 Preparation and Application of Industrial Catalysts 12.9 Research and Application of Rare Earth Catalysts References 13. Rare Earth Hydrides and Hydrogen Storage Alloys 13.1 Brief Description 13.2 Hydride Types and Hydrogen Storage Alloy Components 13.3 Structures of Rare Earth Hydrides 13.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Rare Earth Hydrides 13.5 Magnetic Properties, Conductivity, and Structure of Rare Earth Hydrides 13.6 Principles of Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage 13.7 Characteristics of Hydrogen Storage Materials 13.8 Rare Earth Hydrogen Storage Alloys and Their Optimization 13.9 Preparation of Rare Earth Hydrogen Storage Materials 13.10 Storage and Application of Hydrogen Storage Materials 13.11 Experimental Studies on Hydrogen Storage Materials 13.12 Yttrium Hydride as a Hydrogen Sensor Reference Electrode References 14. Theory and Application of Superconducting Materials 14.1 Brief Description 14.2 The Main Properties of Superconductors 14.3 Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) Theory of Superconductivity 14.4 Types of Superconductors 14.5 Oxide Superconductors 14.6 Preparation of RE123 Oxide Superconductors 14.7 Second Generation (2G) High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Wires 14.8 Application of Superconducting Materials 14.9 Research and Application of Rare Earth HTS References 15. Rare Earth Magnetic Materials 15.1 Brief Description 15.2 Magnetic Properties of Substances 15.3 Strong Magnetism and Ferromagnetism 15.4 Magnetic Origin of Rare Earth Elements 15.5 Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Metals and 3d Transition Metal Compounds 15.6 Types of Rare Earth Permanent Magnetic Materials 15.7 Phase Diagram of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials 15.8 Application of Alloy Phase Transition 15.9 Preparation of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials 15.10 Application of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials 15.11 Rare Earth Super Magnetostrictive Materials 15.12 Magnetic Refrigeration and Magnetic Storage Materials References 16. Rare Earth Luminescent Materials and Laser Materials 16.1 Brief Description 16.2 On Luminescent Materials 16.3 Spectral Properties of Rare Earth Ions 16.4 f-f and f-d Transitions of Rare Earth Ions 16.5 Eu2+ Spectrum 16.6 Charge-Transfer Band of Rare Earth Ions 16.7 Energy Transfer Between Rare Earth Ions in Crystals 16.8 Application of Rare Earth Luminescent Materials 16.9 Rare Earth Long-Afterglow Luminescent Materials 16.10 White Light-Emitting Diodes 16.11 Rare Earth Laser Materials References 17. Rare Earth Functional Ceramics 17.1 Brief Description 17.2 Piezoelectric Ceramics 17.3 Rare Earth Transparent Electrooptical Ferroelectric Ceramics 17.4 Rare Earth Dielectric Ceramics 17.5 Rare Earth Semiconductor Ceramics References 18. Gemstones, Jade, and Rare Earth Optical Glasses and Ceramics 18.1 Brief Description 18.2 Origin and Classification of Precious Gemstones/Jade 18.3 Rare Earth Optical Glasses 18.4 Rare Earth Polishing Materials 18.5 Rare Earth Ceramic Color Glazes 18.6 Rare Earth Heating Materials References 19. Scandium and Its Materials Applications 19.1 Brief Description 19.2 Scandium Resources 19.3 Scandium Extraction and Purification 19.4 Methods of Oxidized Hydrate Extraction and Separation 19.5 Preparation of Scandium Metal 19.6 Scandium Properties 19.7 Application of Scandium and Its Materials References 20. Rare Earth Research, Production, Policy, and Future Development 20.1 Current Situation 20.2 Research Areas 20.3 Production and Market 20.4 Policy and Management 20.5 Further Discussion References