Presenting Psychology

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About this Book Cover Page Inside Front Cover Infographic: Psychology’s Roots Frontmatter Image Title Page Copyright Page Dedication About the Authors Brief Contents Contents Preface Chapter 0 Are You Ready for This? Welcome to Psychology How Is It Relevant? This Is the Field, and These Are the Players Isn’t Psychology Just Common Sense? It’s a Science This Is Critical Are You a Critical Thinker? Why Psychology Is Important What’s In It for You? Getting Your Bang for the Buck Here We Go Chapter 1 Introduction to the Science of Psychology What Is Psychology and How Did It Begin? This Is Psychology What’s the End Game? What Are Psychology’s Roots? Psychology Is Born Psychology’s Evolution: An Overview How Do Psychologists Do Research? The Scientific Method Research Basics Descriptive and Correlational Methods Naturalistic Observation Case Study Survey Method Correlations: Is There a Relationship? The Experimental Method Control Is the Goal Is the Research Ethical? Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 2 Biology and Behavior Introducing the Brain A Complex Communication Network From Bumps to Brain Scans Neurons and Neural Communication What Do You Really Need to Know About Neurons? What Language Do Neurons Speak? How Do Neurotransmitters Influence Our Behavior? Agonists and Antagonists The Brain Can’t Do It Alone The Spinal Cord and Simple Reflexes The Peripheral Nervous System The Endocrine System The Amazing Brain The Two Hemispheres The Split-Brain Operation Roles of the Left and the Right Neuroplasticity The Cortex: A Peek Beneath the Skull The Lobes: Up Close and Personal Let’s Dig a Little Deeper Drama Central: The Limbic System What Roles Do the Brainstem and Cerebellum Play? Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception An Introduction to Sensation and Perception Where Does Sensation End and Perception Begin? Sensation: It Just Depends Vision Light and Color You Won’t Believe Your Eyes The Retina Is That Oprah Over There? What Color Do You See? Hearing Listen, Hear All Ears How Is Pitch Processed? I Can’t Hear You Smell, Taste, Touch Smell: Nosing Around Taste: Just Eat It Touch: Can You Feel It? Pain: It Hurts Your Body in Space Perception: Is It All in Your Head? Perception Deception The Whole Is Greater Depth Perception Is That What I Think It Is? Extrasensory Perception: Where’s the Evidence? Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 4 Consciousness An Introduction to Consciousness What Is Consciousness? Studying Consciousness Are You Paying Attention? Sleep We’ve Got Rhythm The Stages of Sleep Have Trouble Sleeping? Losing Sleep? Dreams What Are Dreams? Dream a Little Dream What Are Altered States? Psychoactive Drugs: From Caffeine to Heroin Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens, Club Drugs, and Marijuana Overuse and Dependence Hypnosis Fade to Black Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 5 Learning An Introduction to Learning What Is Learning? Classical Conditioning Mouth-Watering Science What Do You Need to Know? Yuck: Conditioned Taste Aversion Lessons from Little Albert Do You Buy It? Operant Conditioning Consequences Matter Types of Reinforcement Shaping and Successive Approximations Continuous or Partial? Timing Is Everything: Reinforcement Schedules In the Doghouse: Punishment Let’s Compare Let’s Contrast Observational Learning and Cognition Monkey See, Monkey Do Latent Learning Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 6 Memory What Is Memory? Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval How Deep Are Your Memories? Stages of Memory The Information-Processing Model Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Working Memory Long-Term Memory What’s the Best Way to Make Memories? Retrieval and Forgetting What Can You Retrieve? The Encoding Specificity Principle Memory Savings: Easier the Second Time Around Why Do We Forget? Can Memories Be Trusted? Can Memories Be . . . Fake? Repressed Memories? The Biology of Memory Amnesia Memories in the Brain: A Macro Perspective Memories in the Brain: A Micro Perspective Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 7 Cognition, Language, and Intelligence What Is Cognition? Cognition Versus Thinking Can You Grasp This Concept? Picture This What’s Happening in the Brain? Problem Solving and Decision Making What’s the Problem? How Do We Solve It? We’ve Hit a Roadblock Decisions, Decisions Why Do We Make Bad Decisions? The Problem with the Problem The Power of Language Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) Let’s Get Down to Basics Thinking What We Say? Intelligence What Is Intelligence? Measuring Intelligence Let’s Test the Intelligence Tests The Diversity of Human Intelligence Is Intelligence Genetic? Let’s Get Creative Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 8 Human Development Why Study Human Development? Three Categories of Change Three Debates Three Designs Inside the Womb What Are Chromosomes and Genes? From Single Cell to Full-Fledged Person Infants and Children Newborns What’s Going On in the Brain? The Language Explosion Lessons from Piaget Lessons from Vygotsky Temperament and Attachment Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages The Teenage Years A Time of Change Social, Emotional Teens How Does Morality Develop? What Role Does Gender Play? When Do We Become Adults? Adulthood Aging Bodies Aging Minds Social, Emotional Adults The Many Shades of Parenting Growing Old with Grace Dying and Death Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion Motivation What Is Motivation? Do Humans Have Instincts? Just Stayin’ Alive Looking for Some Excitement? Needs and More Needs Sexuality The Birds and the Bees Sexual Orientation: It’s a Continuum How Does Sexual Orientation Develop? “Normal” Is Relative Problems with Sex Sexually Transmitted Infections Hunger Hungry Brain, Hungry Body Let’s Have a Meal: Cultural and Social Context Obesity Emotion What Are Emotions? Feel It in Your Body? How Does Cognition Fit In? Face Value Types of Emotions The Biology of Fear Happiness Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 10 Personality An Introduction to Personality What Is Personality? Psychoanalytic Theories Does the Mind Have Three Levels? Id, Ego, and Superego Defense Mechanisms Stages of Development Who Are the Neo-Freudians? Freud’s Legacy: It’s Complicated Humanistic, Learning, and Trait Theories The Brighter Side: Maslow and Rogers Can Personality Be Learned? What Are Personality Traits? Personality Testing Are They Reliable, Valid? What Brings You Here Today? What Do You See? Projective Tests Objective Tests Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 11 Social Psychology An Introduction to Social Psychology What Is Social Psychology? Why Do People Do the Things They Do? What’s With the Attitude? Social Influence Power of Others Persuasion Compliance Conformity Obedience Groups and Aggression Better Together? When Two Heads Are Not Better Than One Aggression Stereotypes and Discrimination Prosocial Behavior, Attraction, and Love On the Upside The Psychology of Sexiness What Is Love? Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 12 Stress and Health What Is Stress? Stressors Are to Blame Major Life Events It’s Nonstop: Chronic Stressors Hassles, Uplifts, and Conflicts Stress and Your Health Fight or Flight Is Stress Making You Sick? Substances Don’t Help Too Much Cortisol Can You Deal? Coping with Stress I Am in Control Tools for Healthy Living Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders An Introduction to Psychological Disorders What’s Normal, What’s Not Classifying Psychological Disorders “Abnormal,” but Not Uncommon What Causes Psychological Disorders? When Anxiety Is Extreme Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder From Depression to Mania Major Depressive Disorder What Role Does Biology Play? Psychological Factors Bipolar Disorders Schizophrenia and Autism Schizophrenia: A Complex Disorder The Roots of Schizophrenia Autism Personality, Dissociative, and Eating Disorders Personality Disorders Dissociative Disorders Eating Disorders Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Chapter 14 Treatment of Psychological Disorders An Introduction to Treatment A Primitive Past Where to Now? Treatment Today Insight Therapies Taking It to the Couch: Psychoanalysis Goodbye, Couch: Psychodynamic Therapy You Can Do It! Humanistic Therapy Behavior and Cognitive Therapies Get to Work! Behavior Therapy You Are What You Think: Cognitive Therapies Biomedical Therapies Medicines That Help Other Biomedical Therapies Psychotherapy: Who’s in the Mix? Let’s Get Through This Together Does Psychotherapy Work? Help When You Need It From Self-Help to Smartphones Summary of Concepts Key Terms Test Prep Are You Ready? Appendix A Introduction to Statistics Appendix B Careers in Psychology Appendix C Check Your Answers Glossary References Name Index Subject Index Introducing the Infographics: Full-page visual presentations of each chapter’s most challenging concepts Inside Back cover Back Cover