Canines: The Original Biosensors

Description

Detection canines have been utilized throughout the world for over a century, and while numerous attempts have been made to replicate the canine’s ability to detect substances by mechanical means, none has been as successful. The olfactory system is a highly intricate and sophisticated design for chemical sensing, and the olfactory capacity of many animals, including canines, is considered unmatched by machine due to not only their great sensitivity and superior selectivity but also their trainability and mobility. These unique features have led to the use of such animals as ""whole-animal"" biosensors. Amplifying the benefits and diminishing the limitations of canine detectors’ interdisciplinary research is crucial to understanding canine olfaction and detection and enhancing this powerful and complex detector. The past 50 years have produced vast advancements in animal behavior/training technology to develop canines into more proficient and reliable sensors, while scientific research has provided tremendous support to help practitioners better understand how to utilize this powerful sensor. This book assembles a diverse group of authors with expertise in a variety of fields relating to canine detection and chemical sensing, including both research and operational perspectives on the canine detector. It illustrates how science enhances our understanding of how canines are utilized for solving some of the world’s leading detection challenges. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Foreword Preface Section 1: A Dog’s World: Chemical Sensing through Olfaction Chapter 1: Introduction: Canine, the Original Biosensor 1.1: Chemical Sensing through Olfaction 1.2: Understanding the Canine Biosensor Chapter 2: Comparing the Olfactory Capabilities of Dogs with Machines Designed to Detect Odors 2.1: Introduction 2.2: Terminology 2.3: Application of Common Criteria to Compare Dog Olfactory Abilities with Orthogonal Detectors 2.4: Summary of Comparisons between Dogs and Machines Designed to Detect Odors 2.5: Developing Standards for Detector Dogs and Electronic Odor Detection Devices 2.6: Summary Chapter 3: Sensitivity and Selectivity in Canine Detectors 3.1: Definitions 3.2: Sensitivity Chapter 4: Chemical Information in Olfactory and Sensor Array Systems 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Fundamentals of Chemical Measurement 4.3: Relating Sensor Array Response to Chemical Information 4.4: Implications for Real-World Chemical Sensing and Olfaction 4.5: Summary Chapter 5: Insect Olfaction in Chemical Sensing 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Promise of the Insect Brain 5.3: Neural Mechanisms of Chemical Detection 5.4: General Rules of Chemical Sensing Derived from Insect Olfaction 5.5: Employing Biological Systems for Chemical Sensing 5.6: Conclusion Section 2: Understanding the Canine Biosensor: Fundamentals Chapter 6: Neurobiological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Bases of Canine Olfactory Capabilities in Detection 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Olfactory System Structure and Function 6.3: Cognitive and Behavioral Processes in Olfactory Detection 6.4: Conclusions Chapter 7: Understanding the Dynamics of Odor to Aid in Odor Detection 7.1: Introduction 7.2: How Much Odor? Factors That Affect Odor Availability 7.3: Where Is the Odor? Odor Plumes and Other Factors That Affect Odor Location 7.4: What Is the Odor? Factors That Affect Odor Quality 7.5: Summary Chapter 8: Towards the Development of a Human Scent Model 8.1: Background 8.2: Canines as Human Scent Detectors 8.3: Human Skin and the Basics 8.4: A Permeative and Aerosolized Corneocyte Model 8.5: Final Thoughts Chapter 9: How Science Supports and Law Influences Forensic Canine Utilization in the United States: Considerations for Human Scent Evidence (Trailing) and Human Remains Detection Canines 9.1: Defining “Forensic” 9.2: How Science Supports Forensic Canine Utilization 9.3: How Law Influences Forensic Canine Utilization 9.4: Authority to Search 9.5: Canine Evidence Admissibility 9.6: Testimony Standards for Canine Evidence 9.7: Witness Requirements 9.8: The Canine as a Sensor 9.9: Conclusion: Integration of Science, Law, and Canines Section 3: Fostering an Effective Sensor: Training and Evaluation Chapter 10: Training the Sensor: Impacts of Learning on Canine Detection and Performance 10.1: The Dog Is a Smart Sensor 10.2: Learning to Smell 10.3: Concluding Remarks Chapter 11: Training Considerations for Operational Performance: Train the Handler, Train the Dog, Train the Team 11.1: Handler Influence 11.2: Handler Consideration 11.3: Handler Training 11.4: Canine Training 11.5: Canine Team Training 11.6: Conclusion Chapter 12: When Does Handler Perception Become Canine Detection? How Applied Behavior Analysis and Ethology Can Improve Handler Interpretation of Canine Behavior 12.1: Perception 12.2: Behavior Analysis 12.3: Ethology: The Study of Behavior 12.4: Observation and Interpretation of Stress Behaviors 12.5 Conclusion Chapter 13: Considerations for Testing the Capability of Operational Detection Dogs 13.1: Introduction 13.2: Operational Testing Aims 13.3: Test Components 13.4: Test Substances 13.5: Basic Test Design Requirements 13.6: Test Design 13.7: Data Reporting and Exploitation 13.8: Canine Health and Safety 13.9: Conclusions Chapter 14: Considerations in Vapor Generation and Delivery for Canine Testing and Training 14.1: Understanding the Magnitude of Detection Tasks 14.2: Vapor Generation Methods 14.3: Vapor Transport and Delivery 14.4: Vapor Validation 14.5: Summary and Conclusions Section 4: The Canine Biosensor in Practice Chapter 15: Dogs as Detectors for Hidden Digital Storage Devices: A Pilot Study from the National Police of The Netherlands 15.1: Introduction 15.2: The Netherlands 15.3: Project “Detection Dog Digital Storage Devices” 15.4: Training Digital Storage Device Dogs 15.5: Training Results 15.6: Operational Results in Field Cases 15.7: Reflections on Past and Future Chapter 16: The Use of Dogs for the Detection of Human Remains 16.1: Introduction and Brief History 16.2: Human Remains as a Target Odour 16.3: Training Methods and Materials 16.4: Training the HRD Dog Handler 16.5: Detection of Clandestine Graves 16.6: Scattered Remains 16.7: Detection of Submerged Remains 16.8: Detection of Burnt Remains 16.9: Disaster Searches 16.10: Use in the Aftermath of Terrorist Attacks 16.11: Blood 16.12: Residual Odour-No Body Murders 16.13: Detection of Historical Human Remains 16.14: Location of Mass Graves 16.15: Summary Chapter 17: Canine Detection of Blood Evidence 17.1: History and Modern Uses of Canines for Detecting Blood 17.2: Chemical Detection of Blood 17.3: Odour Profiling of Blood 17.4: Canine Specificity/Sensitivity for Blood Detection 17.5: Conclusion Chapter 18: Using Trained Dogs in Rape and Assault Cases 18.1: Introduction 18.2: Training Sexual Crime Dogs 18.3: Experimental Studies 18.4: Textiles and Clothing 18.5: Detection in Mixtures 18.6: Contamination Issues 18.7: Operational Scenarios and Case Examples 18.8: Conclusions Chapter 19: Role of Dogs in Detection of Human Diseases 19.1: Introduction 19.2: Diagnosing Patient Events 19.3: Diagnosing Patient Samples 19.4: Integrating Dogs into the Medical ‘Toolbox’ Chapter 20: Canine Detection Teams to Support Oil Spill Response Surveys 20.1: Introduction 20.2: Oil Detection Canine Case Studies (2015–2018) 20.3: Where Are We in 2020? 20.4: Canine Team and Service Provider Selection and Certification 20.5: Training and Maintenance 20.6: Applications and Potential Research Opportunities Chapter 21: Broader Perspectives: Case Studies of Detection Canines in the Field 21.1: Sea Turtle Nest Detection 21.2: Bio-Detection 21.3: Accelerant Detection Canine 21.4: Firearm Detection Canine 21.5: Forensic Application of Cimex Lectularius (Bed Bug) Detector Canines 21.6: Tobacco Detection 21.7: U.S. Department of Agriculture National Detector Dog Training Center 21.8: Ecological Scent Detection Canines Index