Women in Renewable Energy

Description

This book provides a breadth and depth of innovative and impactful research led by women investigators in the field of renewable energy. This book showcases the diversity of renewable energy solutions being deployed commercially in the United States and internationally, including new research underway. The chapters collectively cover the entire spectrum of large, utility scale to small, distributed-scale renewable energy technologies, as well as new operating practices in buildings necessary to fully capture the value of renewable energy. The chapters also discuss technical and market considerations of renewable energy resources, plus customer attitudes and acceptance. These topics touch on many of the challenges facing the world today and these solutions by women researchers are valuable for their technical excellence and their non-traditional perspective.  Foreword Introduction What Is Renewable Energy? Why Is Renewable Energy Important? What About Nuclear Energy? Renewable Energy Alone Cannot Solve the Whole Problem References Contents About the Editors Pioneering Women in Renewable Energy 1 Introduction 2 Jane Haldimand Marcet (1769–1858) 3 Mary Fairfax Somerville (1780–1872) 4 Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (1793–1884) 5 Ada Byron Lovelace (1815–1852) 6 Bertha Lamme (Feicht) (1869–1943) 7 Edith Clarke (1883–1959) 8 Katharine Burr Blodgett (1898–1979) 9 Mabel MacFerran Rockwell (1925–1981) 10 Maria Telkes (1900–1995) 11 Ruth Clusen (1922–2005) 12 Annie Easley (1933–2011) 13 Hazel Reid O’Leary (1937–) 14 Barbara Farhar (1938–) 15 Omi G. Walden (1945–2021) 16 Esther Sans Takeuchi (1953–) 17 Linda Stuntz (1954–) 18 Olga González-Sanabria (1956?–) 19 Kristina Johnson (1957–) 20 Julie A. Keil (1957–2015) References Are Electricity Customers Ready for a Renewables-Based Grid? 1 Demand-Related Characteristics of a Renewables-Based Grid 1.1 Technologies That Affect How Consumers Use Electricity 1.2 Flexible Demand Using Rates or Programs 2 Consumer Views of Renewables, Smart Energy Technologies and Demand Response 2.1 Renewables Have a Strong Appeal 2.2 Consumers Are Attracted to Smart Energy Technologies 2.3 Demand Response and Variable Rates Are Still the “New” Idea 3 Where Are the Opportunities for Behavioral Scientists? References Islands Leading the Clean Energy Transition 1 Context – Caribbean Electricity Systems 2 Islands’ Opportunity with Renewable Energy 3 How Islands Are Leading 3.1 Planning 3.2 Projects 3.3 People 4 How Island Women Are Leading 5 My Experience References Distributed Energy Resource Grid Transformation and Customer-Sited Virtual Power Plants 1 A Democratized Approach to Renewable Resources 1.1 Introduction 1.2 From Centralized to Distributed, Macro Changes to Energy Systems 1.3 A Career Journey Creating Virtual Power Plants – (Ja-Chin Audrey Lee) The Power of Combining Engineering, Economic and Policy Analysis 2 DERs: Hidden Assets Ready for Use 2.1 Distributed Energy Assets 2.2 A Sharing Economy of DERs for the Electricity Grid 2.3 Customer DER Economics and the Trend Towards Electrification 3 The Data Challenge and Opportunity, “Putting the Smart in Smart Grid” 4 Making the Invisible Visible – Finding a Purchaser for Your BTM DER Energy Services 4.1 Program Example: Bring Your Own Device Programs with a Utility 4.2 Program Example: Bilateral Utility Contract with Battery Multiple Use Applications 4.3 Program Example: DERs in Wholesale Electricity Capacity Markets 4.4 Program Example: Hybrid Utility Program and Wholesale Energy Market Participation 5 Conclusion and a Vision for the Future References Energy Storage and Renewable Energy 1 Introduction: What Is Energy Storage, and Why Do We Need It? 2 Energy Storage 101: Energy Storage Technologies and Uses 2.1 Technology Types Chemical Mechanical Thermal 2.2 Uses 3 What Types of Energy Storage Are Used on the Grid? 3.1 Centralized Versus Distributed Storage 3.2 Short- Versus Long-Duration Storage 3.3 Electrolytic Hydrogen 4 Energy Storage Case Studies 4.1 Hybrid Energy Storage Hybridized with Renewables Hybridized with Turbine-Based Resources 4.2 Replacing Grid Services from Peakers Impact on Disadvantaged Communities Successful Environmental Activism 4.3 Local Reliability and Virtual Power Plants Distributed Energy Storage Virtual Power Plants 5 Challenges for Energy Storage 5.1 Environmental Concerns Mining and Heavy Metal Sourcing for Batteries Environmental Damages and Degradation for PHS Water Availability for Electrolytic Hydrogen 5.2 Costs and Affordability Cost of Energy Storage Evaluation of Cost Effectiveness Energy Storage Is Cost-Effective Today 5.3 Challenges for Li-ion Energy Storage Li-ion Environmental and Human Rights Impacts Li-ion Safety Considerations Scalability 5.4 Policy and Market Challenges Background: How Policies and Markets Drive Resource Deployment 5.5 Asset Lifecycle and Replacement Timing 6 What’s Next? References Integrating Renewable Resources: Grid Operations and Policy Considerations 1 Introduction 2 Electricity Industry Structure 2.1 Regulatory Structure 2.2 Electricity Generating Capacity 3 Dynamics of Utility Operation 4 Renewable Resources 4.1 Solar Resources 4.2 Wind Resources 5 Challenges to Grid Operations 5.1 Solar Energy Operational Issue 5.2 Wind Operational Issues 6 Policy Considerations 6.1 Transmission Considerations 6.2 Energy Storage 6.3 Legislation or Regulations to Faciliate Renewable Energy Resources Production and Investment Tax Credits Renewable and Clean Energy Standards Net Metering 7 Conclusion References Solar Energy Research: Coming-of-Age 1 Prioritizing Photovoltaics Research 2 Energy Output 2.1 Efficiency 2.2 Reliability and Durability 3 Environmental Impact Considerations 4 Coyness and Climate Change: World Enough, and Time References The Role of Biobased Products and Bioenergy to Empower the Clean Transportation and Energy Transition 1 The Basics: What Are Biobased Solutions and Bioenergy 2 Following the Carbon Source from Start to Finish 2.1 Raw Materials/Feedstock 2.2 Conversion Technology/Manufacturing and Distribution 2.3 End Products Use and End of Life (e.g., Recycling, and Final Disposal) 3 Who Cares and Why? – Macro-Market Trends 3.1 Energy and Carbon Emissions 3.2 Policy and the Future 4 What Is Slowing Us Down? – Barriers to Adoption 4.1 Unintended Consequences 5 Everyday Heroes – Real World Examples of Innovations and Innovators 6 Company Profiles 6.1 Sylvatex (SVX) Inc. – Sustainable (Biobased) Industrial Chemistry for Climate Safe Energy Why Did I Start SVX? What’s Our Innovation? Feedstocks, Conversion Tech, End Market/End of Life Why it Matters for a Clean Energy and Lower Carbon Future? 7 Mango Materials – Uses Methane to Manufacture Biodegradable Materials 7.1 Why Did You Start Mango Materials? What’s Our Innovation? What Is the Role for Your Solution and Why Does it Matter for the Clean Energy and Lower Carbon Future? 8 Air Protein – Modern Meat Company, Crafting the world’s First Air Meat to Feed us Sustainably 8.1 Why Did You Start Air Protein? 8.2 What’s Our Innovation? 8.3 What Is the Role for Your Solution and Why Does it Matter for the Clean Energy and Lower Carbon Future? 9 C16 Biosciences – Uses Microbiology to Brew Sustainable, Conflict-Free Palm Oil to Reduce Global CO2 Emissions 9.1 Why Did You Start C16 Biosciences? 9.2 What’s Your Innovation? 9.3 What Is the Role for Your Solution and Why Does it Matter for the Clean Energy and Lower Carbon Future? 10 Lanzatech – Making Climate Safe Materials and Fuels 10.1 Why Did You Start Lanzatech? 10.2 What’s Our Innovation? 10.3 What Is the Role for your Solution and Why Does It Matter for the Clean Energy and Lower Carbon Future? 11 A New Era, a New Vision 12 Electric Vehicles 13 New Markets and Agency for Change References A Fault Detection Approach Based on Autoencoders for Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines 1 Introduction 2 Alarm Records 2.1 Data Acquisition 3 Anomaly Detection Framework 3.1 Data Pre-processing Filtration Stage Transformation Stage Normalization Stage 3.2 Autoencoders 3.3 Threshold Selection 4 Case Study and Results 4.1 Dataset Description 4.2 Pre-processing Stage 4.3 Autoencoder’s Hyperparameters 5 Conclusion References Using Building Loads Dynamically with Advanced Technologies to Enable Low Carbon Energy Systems 1 Introduction to the Buildings Sector 2 How the Grid Is Changing 3 Buildings and Their Interaction with the Emerging Renewable Electric Grid 4 The Value of Energy Efficiency and Load Flexibility 5 New Technologies to Achieve Efficient Load Flexibility 5.1 DR Automation 6 Deployment and Adoption Challenges and Strategies 6.1 Challenges to Greater Deployment and Adoption 6.2 Strategies for Addressing Challenges Economic Signals Through Time Varying Electricity Pricing Integrating Demand Flexibility Into Energy Codes and Standards Utility Incentive Programs Aggregators and Virtual Power Plants 7 Summary and Future Directions References Index