Major Depressive Disorder, 1e

Description

Get a quick, expert overview of the key issues surrounding best practices and current consensus on major depressive disorder (MDD). This concise resource by Drs. Roger S. McIntyre, Carola Rong, Mehala Subramaniapillai, and Yena Lee consolidates today's available information on this complex topic into one convenient resource, making it an ideal, easy-to-digest reference for both psychiatrists and primary care physicians. Get a quick, expert overview of the key issues surrounding best practices and current consensus on major depressive disorder (MDD). This concise resource by Drs. Roger S. McIntyre, Carola Rong, Mehala Subramaniapillai, and Yena Lee consolidates today's available information on this complex topic into one convenient resource, making it an ideal, easy-to-digest reference for both psychiatrists and primary care physicians. Cover Major Depressive Disorder Copyright List of Contributors Preface 1. A Summary of Recent Updates on the Genetic Determinants of Depression∗ INTRODUCTION FINDINGS FROM GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES Results From Genome-Wide Association Studies Results From Structural and Rare-Variant Association Studies FINDINGS FROM GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION STUDIES CURRENT AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH Understanding the Biological Function of Loci Identified through GWAS Identifying Best Practices to Study Gene–Environment Interaction Leveraging Genetics to Strengthen Causal Inference CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 2. Epigenetics of Major Depressive Disorder INTRODUCTION DNA METHYLATION TWIN STUDIES OF DEPRESSION THEORIES OF DEPRESSION Stress Model of Depression Neurotrophic Hypothesis of Depression Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression INFLUENCE OF OTHER EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS Histone Modifications Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) CONCLUSION REFERENCES 3. Brain Structural Abnormalities of Major Depressive Disorder INTRODUCTION REGIONAL BRAIN ABNORMALITIES CORTICAL REGIONS Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe Parietal Lobe CINGULATE CORTEX OTHER CORTICAL REGIONS SUBCORTICAL REGIONS Hippocampus Amygdala Thalamus Basal Ganglia Cerebellum BRAIN STEM NEGATIVE FINDINGS WHITE MATTER WHITE MATTER HYPERINTENSITIES VOLUMETRIC STUDIES WM MICROSTRUCTURE Adults Areas Corpus callosum Fusiform Gyrus Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus Inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus Thalamic Radiations GERIATRIC DEPRESSION CONCLUSIONS ABBREVIATIONS REFERENCES 4. Cognitive Deficits in Major Depression: From Mechanisms to Management INTRODUCTION COGNITIVE DEFICITS AND RELATED FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT IN DEPRESSION Types of Cognitive Deficits Observed in Depression Measurement of Cognitive Deficits in Depression Effects of Cognitive Deficits on Depressed Individuals NEUROBIOLOGY OF COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN DEPRESSION PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS FOR COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN DEPRESSION Antidepressants Psychostimulants Other Pharmacological Agents NONPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS FOR COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN DEPRESSION DISCUSSION REFERENCES 5. Neuroendocrine Alterations in Major Depressive Disorder INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF NORMAL HPA AXIS PHYSIOLOGY HPA AXIS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN DEPRESSION THE CRF NEUROPEPTIDE SYSTEM CRF HYPOTHESIS OF DEPRESSION EARLY-LIFE STRESS AND DEPRESSION: HPA AXIS INVOLVEMENT HPA AXIS AND RESPONSE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND HPA AXIS CHALLENGE TESTS GLUCOCORTICOID INVOLVEMENT CSF CRF IN CHILDHOOD TRAUMA AND DEPRESSION THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE, THE HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–THYROID AXIS, AND DEPRESSION PSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THYROID DYSFUNCTION GROWTH HORMONE, SOMATOSTATIN, AND DEPRESSION HYPOTHALAMIC–PROLACTIN AXIS AND DEPRESSION CONCLUSIONS FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES REFERENCES 6. Inflammatory Abnormalities in Major Depressive Disorder INTRODUCTION INFLAMMATION AND DEPRESSION: CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP, AND THE ROLE OF CYTOKINES MACROPHAGE THEORY OF DEPRESSION ROLE OF MICROGLIA IN DEPRESSION ROLE OF INFLAMMASOMES IN DEPRESSION INFLAMMATORY SYSTEMIC DISEASES AND DEPRESSION INFLAMMATION GENES AND DEPRESSION MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO NEUROINFLAMMATION AND RELATED PATHWAYS DURING DEPRESSION ANTIINFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS INTERVENTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION DISCUSSION REFERENCES 7. Psychiatric Comorbidity in Major Depressive Disorder INTRODUCTION ANXIETY DISORDERS ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS PERSONALITY DISORDERS CONDUCTING A GOOD PSYCHIATRIC REVIEW OF SYSTEMS MEASUREMENT-BASED CARE: USE IT! CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES 8. Pharmacological Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder INTRODUCTION CURRENTLY APPROVED PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS OF DEPRESSION Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Tricyclic Antidepressants Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Selective Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors Nonserotonergic Agents—Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors Serotonin Antagonists/Reuptake Inhibitors Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonin Agents New and Emerging Antidepressants Multimodal Antidepressants—Serotonin Modulator and Stimulators Novel Experimental Antidepressants GENERAL PRINCIPLES TO THE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF MDD Comparative Efficacy and Tolerability Patient Factors—Clinical Features and Dimensions APPROACH TO TREATMENT NONRESPONSE AND TREATMENT RESISTANCE Adjunctive Treatments New and Emerging Treatment Approaches CONCLUSION REFERENCES 9. Neurocircuitry-Based Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder INTRODUCTION REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION CONVULSIVE THERAPIES (ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY AND MAGNETIC SEIZURE THERAPY) SURGICAL APPROACHES TO TRD Deep Brain Stimulation Vagus Nerve Stimulation MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound CONCLUSION REFERENCES 10. Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatment Effects on Functional Outcomes in Major Depressive Disorder INTRODUCTION HOW IS FUNCTION IMPAIRED IN MDD? TREATMENT EFFECTS ON FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES IN MDD Pharmacological Treatments Psychotherapy Lifestyle Interventions Neuromodulatory Treatments Trajectory of Functional Improvements during Treatment CURRENT LIMITATIONS IN THE FIELD AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS REFERENCES 11. Internet-Based/Technology-Based Interventions in Major Depressive Disorder INTRODUCTION GLOBAL IMPACT OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY AND THE INTERNET IN HEALTHCARE The Role of Internet and Technology-Based Interventions in Medicine Patient education Patient monitoring Digital phenotyping Disease management Patient empowerment INTERNET AND TECHNOLOGY-BASED INTERVENTIONS IN PSYCHIATRY The Advantages of Digital Platforms in Psychiatry Remote patient monitoring in psychiatry Disease management and care delivery Digital phenotyping DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MDD Screening and Diagnosis of MDD Monitoring of MDD Continuous real-time data Objective markers of disease Management of MDD Antidepressant medication guidance Internet-CBT LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION REFERENCES FURTHER READING 12. Dysregulation of the Glutamatergic System in Major Depressive Disorder STUDIES OF CIRCULATING GLUTAMATE LEVELS DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF BRAIN GLUTAMATE LEVELS GENETIC STUDIES GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR AND STRUCTURAL PROTEIN ABNORMALITIES IMAGING STUDIES REFERENCES 13. Glutamate Modulators in Major Depressive Disorder HOW DOES KETAMINE'S MECHANISM OF ACTION SUPPORT THE HYPOTHESIS OF GLUTAMATE DYSREGULATION IN DEPRESSION? CLINICAL EFFECTS OF KETAMINE BEYOND KETAMINE: OTHER GLUTAMATERGIC MODULATORS AS NOVEL ANTIDEPRESSANTS REFERENCES 14. Depression in Children and Adolescents DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Assessment and Diagnosis Initial Management Active monitoring Psychoeducation Peer support Treatment Psychotherapy Interpersonal therapy for adolescents Cognitive behavioral therapy Medication Combination therapy Ongoing Management Summary REFERENCES Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V W Y