State and Local Government by the People

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 3 Copyright Page......Page 4 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 10 1 State and Local Politics......Page 16 The Role of State and Local Governments......Page 18 Who Has the Power?......Page 19 YOU WILL DECIDE: WHO SHOULD HAVE PRIMARY CONTROL OF U.S. HEALTH POLICY—THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OR THE STATES?......Page 20 Rule by a Few or Rule by the Many?......Page 21 Who Are the Constituents?......Page 22 The Maze of Interests......Page 23 Lobbyists at the Statehouse......Page 25 1.3 Participation Patterns in Local Government......Page 27 The Role of Local Media......Page 28 BY THE PEOPLE: HOLDING STATE GOVERNMENTS ACCOUNTABLE......Page 29 Civic Initiatives in Communities......Page 30 1.4 Challenges for State and Local Governments......Page 31 FOR THE PEOPLE: IMPROVING ACCESS TO INFORMATION......Page 33 2 American Federalism......Page 38 2.1 Defining Federalism......Page 40 Alternatives to Federalism......Page 42 Advantages of Federalism......Page 43 Disadvantages of Federalism......Page 44 OF THE PEOPLE: WHERE AMERICANS COME FROM AND WHERE THEY LIVE......Page 45 Powers of the National Government......Page 46 Powers of the States......Page 48 Constitutional Limits and Obligations......Page 49 YOU WILL DECIDE: SHOULD CITIZENS HAVE THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE THEIR TIME TO DIE?......Page 50 Interstate Relationships......Page 51 McCulloch v. Maryland......Page 52 The Supreme Court and the Role of Congress......Page 53 The Continuing Debate Between Centralists and Decentralists......Page 54 2.4 The National Budget as a Tool of Federalism......Page 56 Types of National Government Grants......Page 57 FOR THE PEOPLE: HELPING STATES EDUCATE THEIR CITIZENS......Page 58 Unfunded Mandates......Page 60 The Growth of National Government......Page 61 BY THE PEOPLE: DO A DATA MASH-UP ON YOUR STATE......Page 62 The Future of Federalism......Page 63 3 State Constitutions......Page 68 3.1 The Roots of State Constitutions......Page 70 Constitutions as Straitjackets......Page 72 The New Judicial Federalism......Page 74 Legislative Proposals......Page 76 FOR THE PEOPLE: PROVIDING FOR QUALITY EDUCATION IN THE STATES......Page 77 Initiative Petitions......Page 78 3.3 The Politics of Constitutional Revision......Page 80 Changing the Hawaii Constitution......Page 81 YOU WILL DECIDE: SHOULD STATES REQUIRE A SUPERMAJORITY TO APPROVE A CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT?......Page 82 OF THE PEOPLE: PRACTICING THE LAW......Page 83 Alabama Considers a New Constitution......Page 84 The Future of State Constitutions......Page 85 4 Parties and Elections in the States......Page 88 4.1 The Constitutional Context: State and Federal Roles in Regulating Elections......Page 90 4.2 Elections at the State and Local Levels......Page 91 Differences in Who May Vote......Page 93 Differences in How We Vote......Page 94 YOU WILL DECIDE: SHOULD FORMER FELONS BE ALLOWED TO VOTE?......Page 95 Differences in Nomination Processes......Page 98 Differences in the Timing and Frequency of Elections......Page 99 Differences in What We Vote On......Page 100 FOR THE PEOPLE: IMPROVING THE ELECTION PROCESS......Page 102 Differences in Campaign Finance......Page 101 4.3 The Role of Political Parties......Page 103 Party Organization and Officers......Page 104 Party Activities in Elections......Page 105 Parties and Voting Choices......Page 107 Parties in State Government......Page 109 OF THE PEOPLE: YOUTH VOTING......Page 110 4.4 Party Balance and Imbalance......Page 111 5 State Legislatures......Page 116 How Are Legislatures Organized?......Page 118 Who Serves in the State Legislature?......Page 119 OF THE PEOPLE: DIVERSITY IN THE STATEHOUSE......Page 121 What State Legislators Do......Page 122 What Legislative Committees Do......Page 123 5.2 Influences on State Legislators......Page 125 Political Parties......Page 126 Interest Groups......Page 127 Learning from Other Governments......Page 128 FOR THE PEOPLE: MEASURING LEGISLATIVE EFFECTIVENESS......Page 129 5.3 Modernization and Reform......Page 130 Legislative Term Limits: Problem or Solution?......Page 131 5.4 Drawing Legislative District Lines......Page 133 One Person, One Vote......Page 134 New Rules for Redrawing the Districts......Page 135 Initiative......Page 136 Referendum......Page 137 The Debate over Direct Democracy......Page 138 6 State Governors......Page 144 6.1 Becoming and Remaining Governor......Page 146 Governors Under Pressure......Page 147 OF THE PEOPLE: GOVERNORS......Page 148 Reelection......Page 149 6.2 A Governor’s Formal and Informal Powers......Page 150 Appointive Power......Page 152 Fiscal and Budgetary Power......Page 153 Executive Orders......Page 154 YOU WILL DECIDE: SHOULD GOVERNORS HAVE A LINE ITEM VETO?......Page 155 Pardon Power......Page 156 Policy-Making Influence......Page 157 Governors and Media Relations......Page 158 6.3 The Job of the Governor: Managing the State......Page 159 Modernizing State Administrations......Page 160 Lieutenant Governor......Page 161 Attorney General......Page 162 FOR THE PEOPLE: MAKING GOVERNMENT MORE ETHICAL......Page 163 Other Officials......Page 164 BY THE PEOPLE: WHO GOVERNS YOUR SCHOOL?......Page 165 7 Judges and Justice in the States......Page 170 Minor Courts......Page 172 Appellate Courts......Page 173 7.2 How Judges Are Chosen......Page 174 Appointment by the Governor and Election by the Legislature......Page 175 Popular Election......Page 176 FOR THE PEOPLE: PUBLIC FUNDING OF JUDICIAL CAMPAIGNS......Page 177 Merit Selection: The Missouri Plan......Page 178 Comparing Judicial Selection Systems......Page 179 Judicial Conduct......Page 180 The Prosecutor......Page 181 Victims and Defendants......Page 182 Sentencing......Page 184 The Death Penalty......Page 185 YOU WILL DECIDE: CAN THE DEATH PENALTY BE FAIRLY IMPLEMENTED?......Page 186 7.4 Prisons......Page 187 8 Local Governments and Metropolitics......Page 194 8.1 The Nature of State and Local Relations......Page 196 Defining Local Government Structures......Page 197 8.2 Counties......Page 198 County Government......Page 199 8.3 Towns and Suburbs......Page 200 8.4 City Government......Page 203 YOU WILL DECIDE: DOES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT JUSTIFY EMINENT DOMAIN?......Page 204 The Mayor–Council Charter......Page 205 OF THE PEOPLE: ARE CITY COUNCILS BECOMING MORE DIVERSE?......Page 206 The Council–Manager Charter......Page 207 Blurring the Lines......Page 208 The Role of the Mayor......Page 209 FOR THE PEOPLE: WHAT ARE AMERICA’S BEST AND WORST RUN CITIES?......Page 210 8.5 Central City Politics......Page 211 8.6 Metropolitics Today: Meeting the Challenges of Growth and Development......Page 213 Strategies to Govern Metropolitan Regions......Page 214 BY THE PEOPLE: COMMUNITY SCHOOL BOARDS......Page 217 The Future of Metropolitan Reorganization......Page 218 9 Making State and Local Policy......Page 222 9.1 Public Education......Page 224 Administration of Public Education......Page 225 The Role of the Federal Government in Public Schools......Page 226 OF THE PEOPLE: TEACHERS IN THE CLASSROOM......Page 227 Funding Higher Education......Page 230 YOU WILL DECIDE: SHOULD THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ENCOURAGE INCREASED STATE FUNDING OF HIGHER EDUCATION?......Page 232 Public Assistance......Page 233 Public Health......Page 236 9.4 Planning the Urban Community......Page 238 Controlling Growth......Page 239 Transportation......Page 240 9.5 Homeland Security and Emergency Management......Page 242 Environmental Regulation......Page 244 Working Conditions......Page 245 10 People and Money in State and Local Governments......Page 250 10.1 Staffing State and Local Governments......Page 252 Public Employees......Page 253 Reforming Personnel Systems......Page 254 Labor Unions and Collective Bargaining......Page 255 Privatization of Public Services......Page 256 10.2 Paying for State and Local Government......Page 257 Where the Money Comes From......Page 258 YOU WILL DECIDE: SHOULD LOCAL GOVERNMENTS BE ALLOWED TO DECLARE BANKRUPTCY?......Page 259 The Property Tax......Page 261 Other Taxes......Page 264 Other Sources of Revenue......Page 266 Borrowing Money......Page 268 10.3 State and Local Government Spending......Page 269 10.4 Assessing State and Local Performance......Page 270 BY THE PEOPLE: MONITORING STATE SPENDING......Page 271 E......Page 276 M......Page 277 R......Page 278 W......Page 279 Notes......Page 280 Credits......Page 300 B......Page 302 C......Page 303 E......Page 304 G......Page 305 I......Page 306 L......Page 307 N......Page 308 P......Page 309 S......Page 310 U......Page 312 Z......Page 313