Biogas Technology in Nigeria

Description

This book provides comprehensive and simplified coverage of fundamentals of biogas such as production, purification, storage, methods of improving yield and utilization, types, construction, design and operation of biogas plants. It covers stepwise design and a manual for construction of biogas plants including a planning guide, profitability analysis and evaluation of biogas plants. The biogas energy profile in Nigeria is exclusively covered. Features Explores planning for biogas plants as a pre-requisite to develop a functional plant balancing energy production and consumption. Gives out detailed provision of the types of substances that are and can be used for biogas production covering animal, municipal, and industrial wastes. Provides knowledge for aspiring biogas producers as well as decision makers, specifically in the context of Nigeria. Covers use of digestrate for anaerobic digestion as a waste treatment method and on the input (feedstock) to the biogas plant. Compares carbon dioxide emissions from biogas plants with fossil fuel plants. This book aims at Graduate Students and Researchers in Agricultural, Environmental, Chemical, Civil and Energy engineering and related professional audience. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of figures List of tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgement Authors 1 Biogas as a Renewable Energy 1.1 Renewable Energy in Nigeria 1.2 Biomass Energy 1.3 Biofuels 1.4 Biogas Technology 1.4.1 Why Biogas? 1.4.2 Limitations of Biogas Technology 1.4.3 The Challenges of Biogas Technology in Nigeria 2 Planning for a Biogas Plant 2.1 Determining the Energy Demand 2.2 Determining the Biogas Production 2.3 Balancing Gas Production and Demand 2.4 A Planning Guide 2.5 Checklist for Building a Biogas Plant 3 Economic Analysis and User Evaluation of Biogas Plants 3.1 Economic Analysis of Biogas Plants 3.1.1 Payback Period 3.1.2 Calculating the Payback Period for a Floating-Drum Biogas Plant 3.1.3 Return on Investment 3.1.4 Calculating the Return on Investment for a Biogas Plant 3.2 User Evaluation of Biogas 4 Determining the Acceptance of Biogas Plants 4.1 Determining Factors of Acceptance for Biogas Plants 4.1.1 The Role of Women 4.1.2 Functionality of Existing Biogas Plants 4.1.3 Cost-Benefit of the Plant 4.1.4 Finance 4.1.5 Religious Beliefs and Cultural Taboos 4.1.6 Agricultural Practices 4.1.7 Competence of Artisans 5 Production and Purification of Biogas 5.1 The Anaerobic Digestion Process 5.2 Factors Affecting Biogas Production 5.3 Methods of Improving Biogas Production 5.3.1 Thermophilic Digestion Using a Solar House 5.3.1.1 Quantity of Stones Required for Heat Storage in the Solar House 5.3.2 Use of Media Materials 5.4 Purification of Biogas 6 Biogas Plants 6.1 The Floating-Drum Plant 6.2 The Fixed Dome Plant 6.3 The Balloon Plant 6.4 Storage of Biogas 7 Design of Biogas Plants 7.1 Design Analysis of a Floating-Drum Plant 7.2 Volume of the Gasholder 7.3 Scaling of the Gasholder 7.4 Dimensions of the Floating-Drum Plant 7.4.1 Diameter of the Digester Well of the Plant 7.4.2 Height of the Digester Well of the Plant 7.4.3 Diameter of the Gasholder 7.4.4 Height of the Gasholder 7.5 Size of a Fixed-Dome Plant 7.6 Design of a Floating-Drum Biogas Plant (Sample Calculation) 8 Construction of Biogas Plants 8.1 Pre-construction Considerations 8.1.1 Availability of Feedstock to Meet the Daily Need of Manure to Be Fed into the Digester 8.1.2 Location 8.1.3 Sizing of Plant 8.1.4 Material of Construction 8.1.5 Tools 8.2 Construction of Plant 8.2.1 Foundations and Walls 8.2.2 Gasholder 8.2.3 Mixing and Effluent Pits 8.2.4 Commonly Encountered Problems in Constructing a Biogas Plant 8.3 Checking for Gas Leak 8.3.1 The Soapy Water Test 9 Operating a Biogas Plant 9.1 Start-up of the Plant 9.2 Regulating Plant Operating Pressure 9.3 Maintenance and Repair of Plant 9.4 Safety and Health Considerations 9.5 Safety and Health Audit 10 Biogas Stove 10.1 Description of a Biogas Stove 10.2 Design of a Biogas Stove 10.2.1 Jet Diameter 10.2.2 Diameter of the Mixing Pipe 10.2.3 Length of Air Intake Holes 10.2.4 Diameter of the Mixing Chamber 10.2.5 Length of the Mixing Chamber 10.2.6 Number of Holes 10.2.7 Diameter of the Flame Port Hole 11 Utilization of Biogas and Effluent from Biogas Plants 11.1 Heating and Cooking 11.2 Electricity 11.3 Automotive Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines 11.4 Utilization of Effluent Slurry from Biogas Plants 12 Renewable Energy Policies and Standards in Nigeria 12.1 Energy Policies and Standards in Nigeria 12.1.1 The National Energy Policy 12.1.2 The Bio-Fuels Energy Policy and Incentives 12.1.3 The Rural Electrification Strategy and Implementation Plan and Mini-Grid Electrification 12.2 Renewable Energy Standards in Nigeria 12.2.1 Objectives of Standardization 12.2.2 Characteristics of Standards 12.2.3 Developing Nigerian Biogas Standards 12.2.4 Contents of the Standard 12.2.5 Process of Adoption of a National Standard on Biogas 12.2.6 Steps in Adopting the Standard 13 A Biogas Curriculum for Nigerian Schools 13.1 Biogas Courses 13.2 Course Synopsis 13.2.1 BIG 01 – Introduction to Biogas 13.2.2 BIG 02 – Production of Biogas 13.2.3 BIG 03 – Biogas Plants 13.2.4 BIG 04 – Design of Biogas Plants 13.2.5 BIG 05 – Construction of Biogas Plants 13.2.6 BIG 06 – Operating Biogas Plants 13.2.7 BIG 07 – Biogas Appliances 13.2.8 BIG 08 – Utilization of Biogas 13.2.9 BIG 09 – Utilization of Effluent from the Plant Appendices References Index