Nanomaterials: Basics to Applications

Description

This book includes the synthesis, analysis and characterization of nanomaterials that are an important ingredient in nanotechnologies. Nanomaterials contain nanoparticles, smaller than 100 nanometers in at least one dimension. Nanomaterials are coming into use in health care, electronics, cosmetics and other areas. Their physical and chemical properties differ from those of bulk materials. This needs to cover health risks to workers and potential risks to environment. This is currently done on a case-by-case basis, but risk assessment methods need to be kept up to date as the use of nanomaterials expands, especially as they find their way into consumer products. This book covers the basics to advanced applications of nanomaterials and provides a useful resource for researchers and professionals in the field. ​ Preface Contents 1 Nanomaterials Properties 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 What Are Nanomaterials? 1.1.2 Where Are Nanomaterials Found? 1.2 Advances in Nanomaterials 1.3 Nanomaterials Classification 1.4 Why Are Nanomaterials Important? 1.5 Nanomaterials Types 1.6 The Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 1.6.1 Nanomaterials Characteristics 1.7 Nano-effect 1.7.1 Exceptional Optical Properties 1.7.2 Exceptional Thermal Properties 1.7.3 Exceptional Magnetic Properties 1.7.4 Exceptional Mechanical Properties 1.7.5 Exceptional Electrical Properties 1.7.6 Natural Nano-effect 1.8 Physical Principles of Nano-effect 1.8.1 Discontinuity of Electron Levels 1.8.2 Kubo Theory 1.8.3 Small Size Effect 1.8.4 Surface Effect 1.8.5 Dielectric Confinement Effect 2 Nanomaterials Synthesis 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Nanoparticles Preparation 2.2 Icroemulsion-Based Methods 2.3 Carbon Fullerenes 2.4 Synthesis of Nanowires, Nanorods and Nanotubes 2.4.1 Rods 3 Nanomaterials Characterisation and Analysis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Particle Size Detection and Analysis 3.3 Detection and Analysis of the Electrical Properties 3.4 Detection and Analysis of Magnetic Properties 3.5 Detection and Analysis of the Mechanical Properties 3.6 Detection and Analysis of Thermal Properties 3.7 Detection and Analysis of Optical Properties 3.8 Scanning Probe Microscopy 3.9 Principles of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 3.9.1 Operating Mode of STM 3.9.2 STM Application: Atomic Manipulation 3.9.3 STM Advantages 3.10 Atomic Force Microscopy 3.10.1 AFM Principle 3.10.2 Comparison of the AFM Scanning Modes 3.10.3 Application Examples of AFM 4 Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Mechanical Behaviour 4.2.1 Elastic Properties of Nanocrystalline Metals 4.2.2 Hardness, Yield and Ultimate Strengths 4.2.3 Mechanical Properties at Room and Elevated Temperatures 4.2.4 Strength of Amorphous Alloys Containing Nanoscale Particles 4.2.5 Deformation Behaviour of Nanostructured Alloys 4.3 Structure and Soft Magnetic Properties 4.3.1 Effect of Grain-Size Distribution and Curie Temperature of Intergranular Amorphous Phase on Soft Magnetic Properties 4.4 Magnetic Properties 5 Electrical and Optical Properties of Nanomaterials 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Metals 5.2.1 Quantum Transport of Electrons 5.2.2 Electrical Conductivity 5.2.3 Surface Plasmons 5.3 Semiconductor 5.3.1 Band Gap Modification 5.3.2 Quantum Size Effects 5.3.3 Quantization and Energy Level Spacing 5.3.4 Electrical Properties 5.3.5 Optical Properties 6 Nanodevices and Nanostructures 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nanodevices General Scheme 6.3 Nanocomponents 6.3.1 DNA 6.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes 6.4 Nanoelectronics 6.5 Nanostructured Materials 6.5.1 Nanoparticle Properties 6.5.2 Nanoalloys 6.6 Future Modelling Prospects 7 Carbon Nanotubes 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Carbon Allotrope’s Structure 7.1.2 Single-Layer Graphite Material (Graphene) 7.2 CNTs Types and Nature 7.2.1 CNTs Types 7.2.2 CNTs Characteristics 7.3 CNTs Electronic Structure 7.3.1 π-Electron Orbital and the Energy of the Conjugated Molecule in Planar Structure 7.3.2 Graphite Electronic Structure 7.4 CNTs Preparation 7.5 CNTs Applications 7.5.1 CNTs Electronics 7.6 Single-Electron Transistor 7.7 CNTs Electronics 7.7.1 Quantum Wire 7.7.2 CNT-Based Junction 7.7.3 SET with CNTs 7.7.4 CNT-Based FET 7.7.5 Complementary Nongate (Inverter) Circuit with CNTs 7.8 Other Applications of CNTs 7.8.1 Nano Test Tubes 7.8.2 Nanobalance 7.8.3 Nanomolds 7.8.4 CNTs: Field Emission Cathode Materials 7.8.5 CNTs Application in Hydrogen Storage 7.8.6 High-Energy Microbattery 7.8.7 High-Energy Capacitor 7.8.8 Chip Thermal/Heat Protection 7.8.9 Nanoreactor 7.8.10 Nanocomposite Materials 8 Semiconductor Quantum Dots 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Physical Basis of Semiconductor QDs 8.2.1 Quantum Confinement Effect 8.2.2 Excitons and Luminescence 8.3 Semiconductor QDs Preparation 8.4 Laser Devices Based on QDs 8.5 Single-Photon Source 9 Superconductivity 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Physical Principles of Superconductivity 9.3 The Superconductors Classification 9.3.1 Low-Temperature Superconductors 9.3.2 High-Temperature Superconductors 9.3.3 Other Novel Superconductors 9.4 Nanosuperconductors 9.4.1 Incredible Magnetic Nanoclusters 9.4.2 Quantum Fluctuations and Strong Correlation in Nanowires 9.4.3 Ultrathin Film 9.4.4 Nanosuperconductors and Hybrid Structures 9.4.5 Links Between Superconductors and Nanostructure 9.5 Nanosuperconductor Applications 9.5.1 Quantum Computers 9.5.2 Nanosuperconductor Quantum Bits 10 Nanomaterial Multi-application 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Amorphous Silicon/Oxide Superlattice 10.3 Single-Electron Transistor 10.4 Quantum Dot Laser 10.5 Epilogue 10.6 Chemical and Biological Sensors 10.7 Optical Sensors 10.8 Catalysis 10.9 Future Issues Blurb References Index