Temporal Bone Imaging Made Easy

Description

This book presents standard imaging techniques, basic anatomy and an approach to common pathology encountered in temporal bone imaging. Intended as a survival guide for residents and general radiologists, it covers all topics comprehensively, and provides intuitive point-by-point summaries, similar to those of popular radiology reference sites, for easy comprehension at a glance. The book also offers guidance on the pertinent points that need to be included in a report and how to answer basic questions that are likely to be asked by the referring clinician or supervising radiologist. This book will be a valuable resource for general radiologists, radiology residents, ENT residents, otology surgeons and anyone involved in the occasional temporal bone study. Preface Acknowledgments About the Book Contents Part I: Basic Anatomy and Approach to Common Symptoms; Making Sense of History Basic Temporal Bone Imaging Anatomy: External, Middle and Inner Ear 1 Temporal Bone Overview 2 External Ear 2.1 External Ear Canal 2.2 Tympanic Membrane 3 Middle Ear 3.1 Divisions 3.2 Important Structures and Landmarks (Table 4) 3.3 Ossicles 3.4 Suspensory Ligaments and Muscles 4 Inner Ear 4.1 Cochlea 4.2 Vestibule 4.3 Semi-circular Canals 4.4 Internal Acoustic Meatus 5 Facial Nerve Further Reading Temporal Bone Imaging Techniques: Computer Tomography, Cone Beam CT and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1 Radiographs 2 Multi-detector Computer Tomography 3 Cone Beam X-Ray Computer Tomography (CBCT) 4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Further Reading Imaging Approach to Conductive Hearing Loss 1 What Is Conductive Hearing Loss (CHL) 2 Relevant Clinical Information 2.1 Audiometry 2.2 Otoscopic Findings 3 Choice of Imaging 4 Assessment Pathway 4.1 External Ear Canal (EAC) 4.2 Middle Ear 4.2.1 Tympanic Membrane 4.2.2 Ossicular Chain (OC) 4.2.2.1 Malformations 4.2.2.2 Discontinuity 4.2.2.3 Fixations 4.2.3 Oval and Round Windows 4.2.4 Rare Causes Further Reading Imaging Approach to Sensorineural Hearing Loss 1 What Is Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL)? 2 Choice of Imaging 3 Assessment Pathway 4 Cochlea (Sensory Component) 5 Cochlea Nerve (Neural Component) 6 Rest of the Auditory Pathway (Neural Component) Further Reading Imaging Approach to Tinnitus 1 What Is Tinnitus? 2 Assessment Pathway 3 Common Causes (Table 1) 4 Choice of Imaging 5 Quick Imaging Check List Suggested Reading Imaging Approach to Otorrhea 1 What Is Otorrhea? 2 Choice of Imaging 3 Assessment Pathway 4 Acute Otorrhea 5 Chronic Otorrhea 6 CSF Otorrhea Further Reading Imaging Approach to Otalgia 1 What Causes Otalgia? 2 Choice of Imaging 3 Assessment Pathway 3.1 Pinna 3.2 External Ear Canal (EAC) 3.3 Middle Ear and Mastoid 4 Secondary Otalgia (Around the Temporal Bone) Checklist Suggested Reading Clinical Otoscopy Findings and Imaging of Common Surgeries and Implants 1 What Is Otoscopy? 1.1 Otoscopy Features of Common External Auditory Canal (EAC) Conditions 1.2 Otoscopy Features of Common Conditions of the Tympanic Membrane and Middle Ear 1.3 The “Blue Drum” Vs. “Red Mass” 2 Common Surgeries 2.1 Tympanoplasty 2.2 Mastoidectomy 2.3 Translabyrinthine Approach 3 Otological Surgeries Involving Implants 3.1 Ossiculoplasty 3.2 Stapedectomy and Stapedotomy 3.3 Cochlear Implant Surgery 3.4 Bone Conduction Implants Further Reading Part II: Imaging of External Ear; Pathology Radiological Features of Otitis Externa 1 What Is Otitis Externa? 2 Malignant Otitis Externa (MOE) 2.1 Clinical Features and Management 2.2 Choice of Imaging 2.3 Imaging Features 3 MOE versus NPC 4 MOE versus SCC 5 MOE versus Mastoiditis Further Reading Imaging of External Ear Canal Masses: Cholesteatoma and Tumours 1 External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma (EACC) 1.1 What Is an EACC? 1.2 Clinical Features and Management 1.3 Choice of Imaging and Imaging Features 1.4 Differentials 2 External Auditory Canal Malignant Neoplasms 2.1 What Malignancy Affects the EAC? 2.2 Clinical Features and Management 2.3 Choice of Imaging 2.4 Imaging Appearances 2.5 Differentials 2.6 What the Surgeon Wants to Know? 3 Summary for External Auditory Canal Soft Tissue Lesions Further Reading Imaging of External Ear Malformations, Canal Stenosis and Exostosis 1 Congenital Aural Dysplasia (CAD) 1.1 Overview of Congenital Aural Dysplasia 1.2 What the Surgeon Wants to Know 2 Medial Canal Fibrosis (MCF) 2.1 Clinical Features and Management 2.2 Imaging Appearance 2.3 What the Surgeon Needs to Know 3 Exostoses 3.1 Clinical Features and Management 3.2 Imaging Appearance 3.3 Exostoses Vs. Osteoma Further Reading Part III: Imaging of Middle Ear and Mastoid Air Cells; Pathology Imaging of Otomastoiditis: Acute and Chronic 1 Acute Otomastoiditis 1.1 Clinical Features and Management 1.2 Choice of Imaging and Imaging Features 1.3 Complications 2 Chronic Otomastoiditis 2.1 Clinical Features and Management 2.2 Choice of Imaging 2.3 Imaging Features 2.3.1 Tympanic Membrane 2.3.2 Middle Ear Cavity 2.3.3 Mastoid Temporal Bone 2.4 Hearing Loss in Chronic Otomastoiditis 2.4.1 Post-inflammatory Ossicular Chain Fixation 2.4.2 Cholesteatoma and Chronic Otomastoiditis 2.5 What the Surgeon Wants to Know Further Reading Radiological Features of Acquired and Congenital Cholesteatoma 1 What Is a Cholesteatoma 2 Classification 3 Clinical Features and Management 4 Choice of Imaging 5 Imaging Features 6 Differential Diagnosis Further Reading Radiological Features of Oval Window Atresia 1 What Is Oval Window Atresia (or Absent Oval Window)? 2 Clinical Features and Management 3 Choice of Imaging 4 Imaging Features 5 Differentials Further Reading Part IV: Imaging of Inner Ear; Pathology Congenital Abnormalities of the Inner Ear 1 Introduction and Basic Embryology 2 Choice of Imaging 3 Approach to Congenital Inner Ear Lesions 4 Complete Labyrinthine Aplasia (Michel Aplasia) 5 Cochlear Aplasia 6 Common Cavity 7 Type 1 Incomplete Partition (IP-1) 8 Cochlear Hypoplasia 9 Type 2 Incomplete Partition (IP-2) 10 Type 3 Incomplete Partition (IP-3) 11 Malformations of the Semicircular Canals 12 Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome (EVAS) Further Reading Radiological Features of Otosclerosis 1 What Is Otosclerosis (or Otospongiosis) 2 Classification 3 Clinical Features and Management 4 Choice of Imaging and Imaging Features 5 Differentials 6 What the Surgeon Wants to Know Further Reading Other Causes of Inner Ear Hearing Loss: Meniere’s Disease, Labyrinthitis and Semi-Circular Canal Dehiscence 1 Meniere’s Disease 1.1 What Is Meniere’s Disease 1.2 Clinical Features and Management 1.3 Choice of Imaging 1.4 Imaging Features 2 Labyrinthitis 2.1 What Is Labyrinthitis? 2.2 Clinical Features and Management 2.3 Choice of Imaging 2.4 Imaging Features and Differentials 3 Semi-circular Canal Dehiscence 3.1 What Is Semi-circular Canal Dehiscence (SCCD)? 3.2 Clinical Features and Management 3.3 Choice of Imaging and Imaging Features Further Reading Part V: Imaging of Temporal Bone Trauma, Petrous Apex, Cerebellopontine Angles, Jugular Foramen and Facial Nerve Imaging of Temporal Bone Trauma 1 Pseudo-fractures 2 Imaging Approach 3 Temporal Bone Fractures 4 Complications 5 What the Surgeon Wants to Know (Table 5) Suggested Reading Imaging of the Petrous Apex, Cerebellopontine Angles and Jugular Foramen 1 Petrous Apex 1.1 What Is the Petrous Apex and What Pathologies Involve It? 1.2 Choice of Imaging 1.3 Common Petrous Apex Lesions and its Differentials 2 Cerebellopontine Angle 2.1 What Is the Cerebellopontine Angle and What Lesions Involve It? 2.2 Choice of Imaging 2.3 Common Cerebellopontine Angle Lesions and its Differentials 3 Jugular Foramen 3.1 What Constitutes the Jugular Foramen and What Pathologies Involve It? 3.2 Choice of Imaging 3.3 Intrinsic Jugular Foramen Lesions and Variants Further Reading Imaging of the Facial Nerve: Approach and Pathology 1 Facial Nerve Segments 2 Imaging of the Facial Nerve 3 Localization of Facial Nerve Lesions (Topognosis) 4 Facial Nerve Palsy 4.1 Inflammation 4.2 Injury/Trauma 4.3 Neoplasms Further Reading