Maternity and Pediatric Nursing

Description

Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication About the Authors Reviewers to the Fourth Edition Preface Contents in Brief Contents Cases That Unfold Across Chapters UNIT I Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing CHAPTER 1 Perspectives on Maternal and Child Health Care Introduction Historical Development The History of Maternal and Newborn Health and Health Care The History of Child Health and Child Health Care Evolution of Maternal and Newborn Nursing Evolution of Pediatric Nursing Health Status of Women and Children Mortality Morbidity Factors Affecting Maternal and Child Health Family Genetics Society Global Society Culture Health Status and Lifestyle Access to Health Care Improvements in Diagnosis and Treatments Empowerment of Health Care Consumers Barriers to Health Care Legal and Ethical Issues in Maternal and Child Health Care Abortion Substance Abuse Intrauterine Therapy Maternal–Fetal Conflict Stem Cell Research Umbilical Cord Blood Banking Informed Consent Assent Refusal of Medical Treatment Advance Directives Client Rights Confidentiality Implications for Nurses CHAPTER 2 Caring for Women and Children Introduction Core Concepts of Maternal and Child Health Nursing Family-Centered Care Evidence-Based Care Collaborative Care Atraumatic Care Communication Education The Continuum of Care Emphasis Preventative Care Culturally Competent Nursing Care The Nursing Process Standards of Care and Performance Community-Based Care Community Health Nursing Community-Based Nursing Shift in Responsibilities from Hospital-Based to Community-Based Nursing Community-Based Nursing Interventions Community-Based Nursing Challenges Community-Based Nursing Care Settings for Women and Children UNIT II Women’s Health Throughout the Lifespan CHAPTER 3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive Systems Introduction Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology External Female Reproductive Organs Internal Female Reproductive Organs Breasts Female Sexual Response The Female Reproductive Cycle Ovarian Cycle Endometrial (Uterine) Cycle Menstruation Menstrual Cycle Hormones Perimenopause Menopause Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology External Male Reproductive Organs Internal Male Reproductive Organs Male Sexual Response CHAPTER 4 Common Gynecologic Issues Introduction Menstrual Disorders Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Endometriosis Infertility Cultural Considerations Etiology and Risk Factors Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Contraception Types of Contraceptive Methods Nursing Management for Choosing a Contraceptive Method Nursing Assessment Nursing Analyses Nursing Interventions Abortion Surgical Abortion Medical Abortion Menopausal Transition Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management CHAPTER 5 Sexually Transmitted Infections Introduction Sexually Transmitted Infections and Adolescents Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Infections Characterized by Vaginal Discharge Vaginal Candidiasis (VC) Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Trichomoniasis Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Infections Characterized by Cervicitis Chlamydia Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Gonorrhea Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Infections Characterized by Genital Ulcers Genital Herpes Simplex Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Syphilis Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management of Herpes and Syphilis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Vaccine-Preventable STIs Human Papillomavirus Nursing Assessment Therapeutic Management Nursing Management Hepatitis A and B Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Hepatitis C Zika Virus Ectoparasitic Infections Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) HIV and Adolescents Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Therapeutic Management Nursing Management Preventing Sexually Transmitted Infections Behavior Modification Contraception CHAPTER 6 Disorders of the Breasts Introduction Benign Breast Disorders Fibrocystic Breast Changes Fibroadenomas Mastitis Malignant Breast Disorder Pathophysiology Staging of Breast Cancer Risk Factors Diagnosis Therapeutic Management Implementing Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Strategies Breast Cancer Screening Nutrition CHAPTER 7 Benign Disorders of the Female Reproductive Tract Introduction Pelvic Floor Disorders Pelvic Organ Prolapse Urinary Incontinence Benign Growths Polyps Uterine Fibroids Genital Fistulas Bartholin Cysts Ovarian Cysts CHAPTER 8 Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract Introduction Ovarian Cancer Pathophysiology Screening and Diagnosis Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Endometrial Cancer Pathophysiology Screening and Diagnosis Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Cervical Cancer Pathophysiology Screening and Diagnosis Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Vaginal Cancer Pathophysiology Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Vulvar Cancer Pathophysiology Screening and Diagnosis Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management CHAPTER 9 Violence and Abuse Introduction Intimate Partner Violence Incidence Background Characteristics of Intimate Partner Violence Types of Abuse Myths and Facts about Intimate Partner Violence Abuse Profiles Violence against Pregnant Women Violence against Older Women Nursing Management of Intimate Partner Violence Victims Sexual Violence Characteristics of Assailants Sexual Abuse Incest Rape Female Genital Cutting Human Trafficking Summary UNIT III Pregnancy CHAPTER 10 Fetal Development and Genetics Introduction Fetal Development Zygotic Stage Blastocyst Stage Embryonic Stage Fetal Stage Fetal Circulation Genetics Advances in Genetics Inheritance Patterns of Inheritance for Genetic Disorders Chromosomal Abnormalities Genetic Evaluation and Counseling Nursing Roles and Responsibilities CHAPTER 11 Maternal Adaptation During Pregnancy Introduction Signs and Symptoms of Pregnancy Subjective (Presumptive) Signs Objective (Probable) Signs Positive Signs Physiologic Adaptations During Pregnancy Reproductive System Adaptations General Body System Adaptations Changing Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy Nutritional Requirements During Pregnancy Gluten-Free Diet During Pregnancy USDA and MyPlate Maternal Weight Gain Nutrition Promotion Special Nutritional Considerations Psychosocial Adaptations During Pregnancy Maternal Emotional Responses Becoming a Mother Pregnancy and Sexuality Pregnancy and the Partner Pregnancy and Siblings CHAPTER 12 Nursing Management During Pregnancy Introduction Preconception and Interconception Care Risk Factors for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Nursing Management The First Prenatal Visit Comprehensive Health History Physical Examination Laboratory Tests Follow-Up Visits Follow-Up Visit Intervals and Assessments Fundal Height Measurement Fetal Movement Determination Fetal Heart Rate Measurement Teaching about the Danger Signs during Pregnancy Assessment of Fetal Well-Being Ultrasonography Doppler Flow Studies Alpha-Fetoprotein Analysis Marker Screening Tests Nuchal Translucency Screening Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling Nonstress Test Biophysical Profile Nursing Management for the Common Discomforts of Pregnancy First-Trimester Discomforts Second-Trimester Discomforts Third-Trimester Discomforts Nursing Management to Promote Self-Care Personal Hygiene Clothing Exercise Sleep and Rest Sexual Activity and Sexuality Employment Travel Immunizations and Medications Nursing Management to Prepare the Woman and Her Partner for Labor, Birth, and Parenthood Childbirth Education Classes Nursing Management and Childbirth Education Options for Birth Settings and Care Providers Preparation for Breastfeeding or Bottle-Feeding Final Preparation for Labor and Birth UNIT IV Labor and Birth CHAPTER 13 Labor and Birth Process Introduction Initiation of Labor Premonitory Signs of Labor Cervical Changes Lightening Increased Energy Level Bloody Show Braxton Hicks Contractions Spontaneous Rupture of Membranes True Versus False Labor Factors Affecting the Labor Process Passageway Passenger Powers Position (Maternal) Psychological Response Philosophy Partners Patience Patient (Client) Preparation: Prenatal Education Pain Management Physiologic Responses to Labor Maternal Responses Fetal Responses Stages of Labor First Stage Second Stage Third Stage Fourth Stage CHAPTER 14 Nursing Management During Labor and Birth Introduction Maternal Assessment During Labor and Birth Vaginal Examination Assessing Uterine Contractions Performing Leopold Maneuvers Fetal Assessment During Labor and Birth Analysis of Amniotic Fluid Analysis of the FHR Other Fetal Assessment Methods Promoting Comfort and Providing Pain Management During Labor Nonpharmacologic Measures Pharmacologic Measures Nursing Care During Labor and Birth Nursing Management during the First Stage of Labor Nursing Management during the Second Stage of Labor Nursing Management during the Third Stage of Labor Nursing Management during the Fourth Stage of Labor UNIT V Postpartum Period CHAPTER 15 Postpartum Adaptations Introduction Maternal Physiologic Adaptations Reproductive System Adaptations Cardiovascular System Adaptations Urinary System Adaptations Gastrointestinal System Adaptations Musculoskeletal System Adaptations Integumentary System Adaptations Respiratory System Adaptations Endocrine System Adaptations Weight Loss after Childbirth Sexual Health Global Health of Childbearing Women Lactation Ovulation and Return of Menstruation Cultural Considerations for the Postpartum Period Balance of Hot and Cold Postpartum Cultural Beliefs Psychological Adaptations Parental Attachment Behaviors Maternal Psychological Adaptations Partner Psychological Adaptations CHAPTER 16 Nursing Management During the Postpartum Period Introduction Social Support and Cultural Considerations Nursing Assessment in the Postpartum Period Vital Signs Assessment Physical Examination Psychosocial Assessment Nursing Interventions Providing Optimal Cultural Care Promoting Comfort Assisting with Elimination Promoting Activity, Rest, and Exercise Preventing Stress Incontinence Assisting with Self-Care Measures Ensuring Safety Counseling about Sexuality and Contraception Promoting Maternal Nutrition Supporting the Woman’s Choice of Infant Feeding Method Teaching about Breast Care Promoting Family Adjustment and Well-Being Preparing for Discharge UNIT VI The Newborn CHAPTER 17 Newborn Transitioning Introduction Physiologic Transitioning Cardiovascular System Adaptations Respiratory System Adaptations Body Temperature Regulation Hepatic System Function Gastrointestinal System Adaptations Renal System Changes Immune System Adaptations Integumentary System Adaptations Neurologic System Adaptations Behavioral Adaptations Behavioral Patterns Behavioral Responses CHAPTER 18 Nursing Management of the Newborn Introduction Nursing Management During the Immediate Newborn Period Assessment Nursing Interventions Nursing Management During the Early Newborn Period Assessment Nursing Interventions UNIT VII Childbearing at Risk CHAPTER 19 Nursing Management of Pregnancy at Risk: Pregnancy-Related Complications Introduction Bleeding During Pregnancy Spontaneous Abortion Ectopic Pregnancy Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Cervical Insufficiency Placenta Previa Placental Abruption Placenta Accreta Spectrum Hyperemesis Gravidarum Pathophysiology Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Chronic Hypertension Gestational Hypertension Preeclampsia/Eclampsia HELLP Syndrome Gestational Diabetes Blood Incompatibility Pathophysiology Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Amniotic Fluid Imbalances Polyhydramnios Oligohydramnios Multiple Gestation Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Prelabor Rupture of Membranes Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management CHAPTER 20 Nursing Management of the Pregnancy at Risk: Selected Health Conditions and Vulnerable Populations Introduction Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology Screening Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Cardiovascular Disorders Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease Hypertension in Pregnancy Chronic Hypertension Respiratory Conditions Asthma Tuberculosis Hematologic Conditions Iron-Deficiency Anemia Thalassemia Sickle Cell Anemia Autoimmune Disorders Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Multiple Sclerosis Rheumatoid Arthritis Infections Cytomegalovirus Rubella Herpes Simplex Virus Hepatitis B Virus Varicella Zoster Virus Parvovirus B19 Group B Streptococcus Toxoplasmosis Women Who Are HIV-Positive Vulnerable Populations Pregnant Adolescents The Woman of Advanced Maternal Age The Obese Pregnant Woman The Pregnant Woman and Substance Abuse CHAPTER 21 Nursing Management of Labor and Birth at Risk Introduction Dystocia Problems with the Powers Problems with the Passenger Problems with the Passageway Problems with the Psyche Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Nontraditional Families Preterm Labor Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Post-Term Pregnancy Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Women Requiring Labor Induction and Augmentation Therapeutic Management Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Intrauterine Fetal Demise Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Women Experiencing an Obstetric Emergency Umbilical Cord Prolapse Placenta Previa Placental Abruption Uterine Rupture Anaphylactoid Syndrome of Pregnancy Women Requiring Birth-Related Procedures Forceps- or Vacuum-Assisted Birth Cesarean Birth CHAPTER 22 Nursing Management of the Postpartum Woman at Risk Introduction Postpartum Hemorrhage Pathophysiology Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Venous Thromboembolic Conditions Pathophysiology Nursing Assessment Nursing Management Postpartum Infection Endometritis Surgical Site Infections Urinary Tract Infections Mastitis Postpartum Affective Disorders Postpartum Blues Postpartum Depression Postpartum Psychosis UNIT VIII The Newborn at Risk CHAPTER 23 Nursing Care of the Newborn with Special Needs Introduction Birth Weight Variations Small-for-Gestational-Age Newborns Large-for-Gestational-Age Newborns Gestational Age Variations Postterm Newborn Preterm Newborn Late Preterm Newborn (“Near Term”) Dealing with Perinatal Loss CHAPTER 24 Nursing Management of the Newborn at Risk: Acquired and Congenital Newborn Conditions Introduction Acquired Disorders Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn Respiratory Distress Syndrome Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS) Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn Periventricular-Intraventricular Hemorrhage (PIVH) Necrotizing Enterocolitis Infants of Diabetic Mothers (IDM) Birth Injuries Newborns of Mothers with Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Hyperbilirubinemia Congenital Conditions Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Omphalocele and Gastroschisis Anorectal Malformations Bladder Exstrophy UNIT IX Health Promotion of the Growing Child and Family CHAPTER 25 Growth and Development of the Newborn and Infant Introduction Physical Growth Weight Length Head Circumference Physiologic Changes Neurologic System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Gastrointestinal System Genitourinary System Integumentary System Hematopoietic System Immunologic System Psychosocial Development Cognitive Development Motor Skill Development Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Sensory Development Sight Hearing Smell and Taste Touch Communication and Language Development Social and Emotional Development Stranger Anxiety Separation Anxiety Temperament Cultural Influences on Growth and Development Promoting Healthy Growth and Development Promoting Growth and Development Through Play Promoting Early Learning Promoting Safety Promoting Nutrition Promoting Healthy Sleep and Rest Promoting Healthy Teeth and Gums Promoting Appropriate Discipline Addressing Child Care Needs Addressing Common Developmental Concerns Colic Spitting Up Thumb Sucking, Pacifiers, and Security Items Teething CHAPTER 26 Growth and Development of the Toddler Introduction Physical Growth Physiologic Changes Neurologic System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Gastrointestinal System Genitourinary System Musculoskeletal System Psychosocial Development Cognitive Development Motor Skill Development Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Sensory Development Communication and Language Development Emotional and Social Development Separation Anxiety Temperament Fears Moral and Spiritual Development Cultural Influences on Growth and Development The Nurse’S Role in Toddler Growth and Development Promoting Healthy Growth and Development Promoting Growth and Development Through Play Promoting Early Learning Promoting Safety Promoting Nutrition Promoting Healthy Sleep and Rest Promoting Healthy Teeth and Gums Promoting Appropriate Discipline Addressing Common Developmental Concerns Toilet Teaching Negativism Temper Tantrums Thumb Sucking and Pacifiers Sibling Rivalry Regression CHAPTER 27 Growth and Development of the Preschooler Introduction Physical Growth Physiologic Changes Psychosocial Development Cognitive Development Moral and Spiritual Development Motor Skill Development Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Sensory Development Communication and Language Development Emotional and Social Development Friendships Temperament Fears Cultural Influences on Growth and Development Promoting Healthy Growth and Development Promoting Growth and Development Through Play Promoting Early Learning Promoting Language Development Choosing a Preschool/Starting Kindergarten Promoting Safety Safety in the Water Promoting Nutrition Promoting Healthy Sleep and Rest Promoting Healthy Teeth and Gums Promoting Appropriate Discipline Addressing Common Developmental Concerns Lying Sex Education Masturbation CHAPTER 28 Growth and Development of the School-Age Child Introduction Physical Growth Physiologic Changes Neurologic System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Gastrointestinal System Genitourinary System Prepubescence Musculoskeletal System Immune System Psychosocial Development Cognitive Development Moral and Spiritual Development Motor Skill Development Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Sensory Development Communication and Language Development Emotional and Social Development Temperament Self-Esteem Development Body Image School-Age Fears Peer Relationships Teacher and School Influences Family Influences Cultural Influences on Growth and Development The Nurse’S Role in School-Age Growth and Development Promoting Healthy Growth and Development Promoting Growth and Development Through Play Promoting Learning Promoting Safety Abuse in Children Promoting Nutrition Promoting Healthy Sleep and Rest Promoting Healthy Teeth and Gums Promoting Appropriate Discipline Addressing Common Developmental Concerns Television, Video Games, and the Internet School Refusal Latchkey Children Stealing, Lying, and Cheating Bullying Tobacco and Alcohol Education CHAPTER 29 Growth and Development of the Adolescent Introduction Physiologic Changes Associated with Puberty Physical Growth Physiologic Changes Neurologic System Respiratory System Cardiovascular System Gastrointestinal System Musculoskeletal System Integumentary System Psychosocial Development Cognitive Development Moral and Spiritual Development Motor Skill Development Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills Communication and Language Development Emotional and Social Development Relationship with Parents Self-Concept and Body Image Importance of Peers Sexuality Dating Cultural Influences on Growth and Development The Nurse’S Role in Adolescent Growth and Development Promoting Healthy Growth and Development Promoting Growth and Development Through Sports and Physical Fitness Promoting Learning Promoting Safety Promoting Nutrition Promoting Healthy Sleep and Rest Promoting Healthy Teeth and Gums Promoting Personal Care Promoting Appropriate Discipline Promoting Proper Media Use Addressing Common Developmental Concerns Violence Substance Use UNIT X Foundations of Pediatric Nursing CHAPTER 30 Atraumatic Care of Children and Families Introduction Preventing/Minimizing Physical Stressors Utilizing the Child Life Specialist Minimizing Physical Stress During Procedures Preventing or Minimizing Child and Family Separation: Providing Child- and Family-Centered Care Promoting a Sense of Control Enhancing Communication Teaching Children and Families CHAPTER 31 Health Supervision Principles of Health Supervision Wellness Medical Home Partnerships Special Issues in Health Supervision Components of Health Supervision Developmental Surveillance and Screening Injury and Disease Prevention Health Promotion CHAPTER 32 Health Assessment of Children Introduction Health History Preparing for the Health History Performing a Health History Physical Examination Preparing for the Physical Examination Steps of the Physical Examination Performing a Physical Examination CHAPTER 33 Caring for Children in Diverse Settings Introduction Community Health Nursing Community-Based Nursing Shifting Responsibilities from Hospital to Community-Based Nursing Care Role of the Community-Based Nurse Illness and Hospitalization in Childhood General Inpatient Unit Emergency Departments Pediatric Intensive Care Units Rehabilitation Units/Facilities Outpatient Facilities Physician’s Office or Clinic, Health Departments, and Urgent Care Centers Medically Fragile Day Care Centers Schools Home Health Care Other Community Settings Children’s Reactions to Illness and Hospitalization Anxiety and Fear Separation Anxiety Loss of Control Factors Affecting Children’s Reaction to Illness and Hospitalization Developmental Level Previous Experiences Recent Stresses and Changes and Individual Coping Skills Parents’ Response to Child’s Illness and Hospitalization Family’s Reactions to the Child’s Illness and Hospitalization Reactions of Parents Reactions of Siblings Factors Influencing Family Reactions Preparing the Child and Family for Surgery Providing Preoperative Teaching Safety During Hospitalization or Procedures Maintaining the Child’s Safety Use of Restraints Transport of the Child Hospitalization in Childhood Preparing Children and Families for Hospitalization Admitting the Child to the Facility Addressing the Effects of Hospitalization Developmentally Providing Basic Care for the Hospitalized Child Providing Play, Activities, and Recreation for the Hospitalized Child Promoting Schoolwork and Education During Hospitalization Family Members’ Needs Child and Family Teaching CHAPTER 34 Caring for the Special Needs Child Introduction The Medically Fragile Child Impact of the Problem Effects of Special Needs on the Child Effects on the Family Nursing Management of the Medically Fragile Child and Family The Dying Child End-of-Life Decision-Making Nursing Management of the Dying Child CHAPTER 35 Key Pediatric Nursing Interventions Introduction Medication Administration Differences in Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics Developmental Issues and Concerns Determination of Correct Dose Oral Administration Rectal Administration Ophthalmic Administration Otic Administration Nasal Administration Intramuscular Administration Subcutaneous and Intradermal Administration Intravenous Administration Providing Atraumatic Care Educating the Child and Parents Preventing Medication Errors Intravenous Therapy Sites Equipment Inserting Peripheral IV Access Devices IV Fluid Administration Preventing Complications Discontinuing the IV Device Providing Nutritional Support Enteral Nutrition Parenteral Nutrition CHAPTER 36 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Comfort–Pain Assessment and Management Introduction Physiology of Pain Transduction Transmission Perception Modulation Types of Pain Classification by Duration Classification by Etiology Classification by Source or Location Factors Influencing Pain Age and Gender Cognitive Level Temperament Previous Pain Experiences Family and Culture Situational Factors Developmental Considerations Infants Toddlers Preschoolers School-Age Children Adolescents Common Fallacies and Myths About Pain in Children Management of Pain Nonpharmacologic Management Pharmacologic Management Management of Procedure-Related Pain Management of Chronic Pain UNIT XI Nursing Care of the Child with a Health Disorder CHAPTER 37 Nursing Care of the Child with an Infection Introduction Infectious Process Fever Stages of Infectious Disease Chain of Infection Preventing the Spread of Infection Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Common Medical Treatments Sepsis Bacterial Infections Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Scarlet Fever Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus Botulism Osteomyelitis Septic Arthritis Viral Infections Viral Exanthems Mumps Zoonotic Infections Cat-Scratch Disease Rabies Lyme Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Parasitic and Helminthic Infection Sexually Transmitted Infections CHAPTER 38 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Intracranial Regulation/Neurologic Disorder Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Brain and Spinal Cord Development Nervous System Head Size Common Medical Treatments Seizure Disorders Epilepsy Febrile Seizures Neonatal Seizures Structural Defects Neural Tube Defects Anencephaly Encephalocele Microcephaly Chiari Malformation Hydrocephalus Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformation Craniosynostosis Positional Plagiocephaly Infectious Disorders Bacterial Meningitis Aseptic Meningitis Encephalitis Reye Syndrome Trauma Head Trauma Nonaccidental Head Trauma Near-Drowning Blood Flow Disruption Cerebral Vascular Disorders (Stroke) Chronic Disorders Headaches Breath Holding CHAPTER 39 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Sensory Perception/Disorder of the Eyes or Ears Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Eyes Ears Common Medical Treatments Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders of the Eyes Conjunctivitis Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Eyelid Disorders Eye Injuries Visual Disorders Refractive Errors Strabismus Amblyopia Nystagmus Infantile Glaucoma Congenital Cataract Retinopathy of Prematurity Visual Impairment Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders of the Ears Acute Otitis Media Otitis Media with Effusion Otitis Externa Hearing Loss and Deafness CHAPTER 40 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Gas Exchange/Respiratory Disorder Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Nose Throat Trachea Lower Respiratory Structures Chest Wall Metabolic Rate and Oxygen Need Common Medical Treatments Acute Infectious Disorders Common Cold Sinusitis Influenza Pharyngitis Tonsillitis Infectious Mononucleosis Laryngitis Croup Epiglottitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonia Bronchitis Tuberculosis Acute Noninfectious Disorders Epistaxis Foreign Body Aspiration Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Pneumothorax Chronic Respiratory Disorders Allergic Rhinitis Asthma Chronic Lung Disease Cystic Fibrosis Apnea Tracheostomy CHAPTER 41 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Perfusion/Cardiovascular Disorder Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Circulatory Changes from Gestation to Birth Structural and Functional Differences Common Medical Treatments Cardiac Catheterization Cardiac Catheterization Congenital Heart Disease Disorders with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow Tetralogy of Fallot Tricuspid Atresia Disorders with Increased Pulmonary Flow Atrial Septal Defect Ventricular Septal Defect Atrioventricular Canal Defect Patent Ductus Arteriosus Obstructive Disorders Coarctation of the Aorta Aortic Stenosis Pulmonary Stenosis Mixed Defects Transposition of the Great Vessels (Arteries) Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Truncus Arteriosus Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders Heart Failure Infective Endocarditis Acute Rheumatic Fever Cardiomyopathy Hypertension Kawasaki Disease Dyslipidemia Heart Transplantation Surgical Procedure and Postoperative Therapeutic Management CHAPTER 42 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Bowel Elimination/Gastrointestinal Disorder Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Mouth Esophagus Stomach Intestines Biliary System Fluid Balance and Losses Common Medical Treatments Stool Diversions Structural Anomalies of the Gastrointestinal Tract Cleft Lip and Palate Meckel Diverticulum Inguinal and Umbilical Hernias Inguinal Hernia Umbilical Hernia Acute Gastrointestinal Disorders Dehydration Vomiting Diarrhea Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) Oral Lesions Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Intussusception Malrotation and Volvulus Appendicitis Chronic Gastrointestinal Disorders Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Peptic Ulcer Disease Constipation and Encopresis Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon) Short Bowel Syndrome Inflammatory Bowel Disease Celiac Disease Functional Abdominal Pain Hepatobiliary Disorders Pancreatitis Gallbladder Disease Biliary Atresia Hepatitis Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension Liver Transplantation CHAPTER 43 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Urinary Elimination/Genitourinary Disorder Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Structural Differences Urinary Concentration Urine Output Reproductive Organ Maturity Common Medical Treatments Collecting Urine Specimens in Children Urinary Tract and Renal Disorders Structural Disorders Hypospadias/Epispadias Obstructive Uropathy Hydronephrosis Vesicoureteral Reflux Urinary Disorders Urinary Tract Infection Enuresis Acquired Disorders Resulting in Altered Renal Function Nephrotic Syndrome Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Renal Failure Acute Renal Failure End-Stage Renal Disease Dialysis and Transplantation Peritoneal Dialysis Hemodialysis Renal Transplantation Reproductive Organ Disorders Female Disorders Labial Adhesions Vulvovaginitis Male Disorders Phimosis and Paraphimosis Circumcision Cryptorchidism Hydrocele and Varicocele Testicular Torsion Epididymitis CHAPTER 44 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Mobility/Neuromuscular or Musculoskeletal Disorder Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Brain and Spinal Cord Development Myelinization Muscular Development Skeletal Development Common Medical Treatments Casts Traction External Fixation Congenital and Developmental Disorders Neural Tube Defects Spina Bifida Occulta Meningocele Myelomeningocele Pectus Excavatum Limb Deficiencies Polydactyly/Syndactyly Metatarsus Adductus Congenital Clubfoot Osteogenesis Imperfecta Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip Torticollis Tibia Vara (Blount Disease) Muscular Dystrophy Spinal Muscular Atrophy Cerebral Palsy Acquired Disorders Rickets Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Legg–Calvé–Perthes Disease Transient Synovitis of the Hip Scoliosis Spinal Cord Injury Fracture Sprains Overuse Syndromes Radial Head Subluxation CHAPTER 45 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Tissue Integrity/Integumentary Disorder Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Differences in the Skin between Children and Adults Common Medical Treatments Infectious Disorders Bacterial Infections Fungal Infections Inflammatory Skin Conditions Diaper Dermatitis Atopic Dermatitis Contact Dermatitis Erythema Multiforme Urticaria Seborrhea Psoriasis Acne Acne Neonatorum Acne Vulgaris Injuries Pressure Ulcers Minor Injuries Burns Sunburn Cold Injury Human and Animal Bites Insect Stings and Spider Bites CHAPTER 46 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Cellular Regulation/Hematologic or Neoplastic Disorder Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Red Blood Cell Production Hemoglobin Iron Childhood Cancer versus Adult Cancer Common Medical Treatments Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Palliative Care Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing Caring for the Child with Cancer Anemia Iron-Deficiency Anemia Other Nutritional Causes of Anemia Lead Poisoning Aplastic Anemia Hemoglobinopathies Sickle Cell Disease Thalassemia Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Clotting Disorders Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura Henoch–Schönlein Purpura Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Hemophilia Von Willebrand Disease Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Lymphomas Hodgkin Disease Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Brain Tumors Neuroblastoma Sarcomas Osteosarcoma Ewing Sarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Wilms Tumor Retinoblastoma Screening for Reproductive Cancers in Adolescents Cervical Cancer Testicular Cancer CHAPTER 47 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Immunity or Immunologic Disorder Introduction Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Lymph System Phagocytosis Cellular Immunity Humoral Immunity Common Medical Treatments Primary Immunodeficiencies Hypogammaglobulinemia Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome Severe Combined Immune Deficiency Secondary Immunodeficiencies HIV Infection Autoimmune Disorders Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Guillain–Barré Syndrome Myasthenia Gravis Dermatomyositis Allergy and Anaphylaxis Food Allergies Anaphylaxis Latex Allergy CHAPTER 48 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Metabolism/Endocrine Disorder Introduction Variations in Anatomy and Physiology Hormone Production and Secretion Common Medical Treatments Pituitary Disorders Growth Hormone Deficiency Precocious Puberty Delayed Puberty Diabetes Insipidus Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Disorders of Thyroid Function Congenital Hypothyroidism Acquired Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Disorders Related to Parathyroid Gland Function Disorders Related to Adrenal Gland Function Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diabetes Mellitus CHAPTER 49 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Genetics Introduction Nurse’s Role and Responsibilities Common Medical Treatments Common Chromosomal Abnormalities Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13 Turner Syndrome Klinefelter Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome Neurocutaneous Disorders Neurofibromatosis Other Genetic Disorders Inborn Errors of Metabolism CHAPTER 50 Nursing Care of the Child with an Alteration in Behavior, Cognition, or Development Introduction Effects of Mental Health Issues on Health and Development Common Medical Treatments Developmental and Behavioral Disorders Learning Disabilities Intellectual Disability Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Tourette Syndrome Eating Disorders Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Types of Anxiety Disorders Abuse and Violence Child Maltreatment Medical Child Abuse Substance Abuse CHAPTER 51 Nursing Care During a Pediatric Emergency Introduction Common Medical Treatments Nursing Management of Children in Emergencies Respiratory Arrest Shock Types of Shock Cardiac Arrhythmias and Arrest Bradyarrhythmias Tachyarrhythmias Collapsed Rhythms (Pulseless Rhythms) Submersion Injury Poisoning Trauma Appendix A Standard Laboratory Values Appendix B Clinical Paths Appendix C Cervical Dilation Chart Appendix D Weight Conversion Charts Appendix E Breastfeeding and Medication Use Appendix F Growth Charts Appendix G Blood Pressure Charts for Children and Adolescents Index