EU Islands and the Clean Energy Transition

Description

This book explains the challenges and barriers of island energy systems in the European Union. It reviews the research projects carried out to date, and proposes a new feasible scheme that could be advantageous to many isolated energy systems.  The book contains a thorough literature review, to ensure the originality of its ideas. It provides a clear insight of the opportunities and difficulties facing EU island energy systems. Preface Contents List of Figures List of Tables 1 Review of Research Projects that Promote EU Islands’ Energy Systems Transition 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Review of Research Projects for the Energy Transition of Isolated Energy Systems in the European Union 1.3 Review Discussion References 2 A Review on the Peculiarities that Characterize EU Islands’ Energy Systems: An Application to the Canary Islands 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Some Aspects Common to Many Island 2.3 Economy Based Almost Exclusively on Tourism 2.4 Abandonment of Agriculture 2.5 Food Dependency 2.6 Lack of Water 2.7 Lack of Fertilizers 2.8 Soil Desertification 2.9 Few Diversification and High Dependence on Foreign Energy 2.10 High Need for Air, Sea, and Land Transport 2.11 High Unemployment Rates 2.12 Seasonal Energy Storage 2.13 Difficult Integration of Discontinuous Renewables 2.14 Strong Relationship with Other Territories 2.15 Conclusions References 3 Technology Description 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Seawater Desalination 3.3 Hydrogen 3.3.1 Production of H2 3.3.2 Hydrogen Transport and Storage 3.4 Production of Electrical Energy Through Renewable Energy 3.4.1 Wind Energy 3.4.2 Photovoltaic Energy 3.5 The Iberian Electricity Market 3.6 Nitrogen 3.6.1 Getting Nitrogen from the Air 3.6.2 Nitrogen Storage and Transport 3.7 Ammonia Storage and Transport References 4 Hexageneration Project 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Designs Made 4.2.1 First Design. Mono-generation Plant. Hydrogen Production 4.2.2 Second Design. Bi-generation Plant. Hydrogen and Water Production 4.2.3 Third Design. Tri-generation Plant. Production of Hydrogen, Water and Ammonia 4.2.4 Fourth Design. Tetra-generation Plant. Production of Hydrogen, Water, Ammonia and Electricity 4.2.5 Fifth Design. Hexa-generation Plant. Production of Hydrogen, Water, Ammonia, Electricity, Oxygen, and Nitrogen 4.2.6 Future Design. Seventh-Generation Plant. Production of Hydrogen, Water, Ammonia, Electricity, Oxygen, Nitrogen and E-fuel 4.3 Raw Materials 4.4 Flowchart of the Set of Processes 4.5 Ability to Build Long-Term Resilience to Future Crises 4.6 Ability to Respond Directly to the Impacts Suffered 4.7 Ability to Catalyze Progress Towards a Sustainable and Equitable Blue Economy 4.8 Ability to Meet International Commitments Such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement 4.9 Reduction of CO2 Emissions from the Proposal Contemplated in this Book 4.10 Optimization of the Energy Management of the Hexa-generation Plant 4.10.1 Definition of Variables 4.10.2 Optimization Objectives References Appendix Data of Interest for the Proposal Presented in this Book A.1 Compound Characteristics A.2 Product Prices A.3 Energy Consumption for Production A.4 Efficiency of Each of the Cycles A.5 Simulation of a Production System A.6 Electric Tariff References