Manual Of Pediatric Neurology

Description

CONTENTS Preface Contributors Chapter 1. Diagnosis and Classification of Seizures and Epilepsy Syndromes Jorge Vidaurre and Anup Patel Introduction Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Other idiopathic generalized syndromes that share similar seizure types are Childhood absence epilepsy Juvenile absence epilepsy Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures on awakening (Epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone under the new terminology) Symptomatic Generalized Epilepsy Other syndromes to consider in this category are Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Myoclonic astatic epilepsy or epilepsy with myoclonic astatic seizures (Epilepsy with myoclonic atonic seizures under the new terminology) There are other specific syndromes that deserve special consideration: Severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI) Epilepsy with Continuous Spike-and-Wave Discharges during Slow-Wave Sleep (CSWS) or Encephalopathy with Electrical Status Epilepticus during Slow-Wave Sleep (ESES) Landau Kleffner syndrome Focal Idiopathic Epilepsy Panayiotopoulos type Gastaut type References Chapter 2. Treatment of Seizures and Epilepsy Syndromes Anup Patel and Jorge Vidaurre Introduction Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy Valproic acid Levetiracetam Lamotrigine Topiramate Zonisamide Clonazepam Childhood Absence Epilepsy Ethosuximide Benign Rolandic Epilepsy Carbamazepine Oxcarbazepine Phenytoin Infantile Spasms Adrenocorticotropic hormone Vigabatrin Ketogenic diet Topiramate Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Rufinamide Felbamate SevereMyoclonic Epilepsy Clobazam Stiropental References Chapter 3. Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus Jorge Vidaurre and Anup Patel Definition Etiology Pathophysiology Treatment Diazepam Lorazepam Midazolam Protocol for SE Management Out-of-hospital management where neither intravenous not intraosseus access has been established (Early phase of SE) Management in the hospital or the emergency department Management in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) Chapter 4. Management of Seizures in the Emergency Department Kimberly Scansen Status Epilepticus Pharmacological Management of a Seizure Clinical History Differential Diagnosis Laboratory and Radiological Tests First Steps Laboratory and Radiological Tests Treatment Physical Examination Laboratory and Radiological Tests References Chapter 5. Headaches in Children and Adolescents Ann Pakalnis Introduction Evaluation of the Pediatric Patient with Headaches Acute Headaches Primary Headache Disorders Therapies Acute management of migraines Tension-Type Headaches Chronic Daily Headaches References Chapter 6. Management of Headaches in the Emergency Department Rachel Smitek and Emile El-Shammaa Introduction Clinical Approach To Evaluating A Child With The Chief Complaint Of Headache Which Physical Examination Findings Are Helpful In Reaching A Diagnosis? Headache treatment Migraine Cluster headache Tension headaches Pseudotumor cerebri Posttraumatic headaches Patient resources Acknowledgements References Chapter 7. Autism Spectrum Disorders Emily de los Reyes Introduction Diagnosis Psychological Testing Co-Morbid Disorders Mental retardation Epilepsy Treatment Asperger Syndrome Pervasive Developmental Disorders Attention Deficit Disorder Treatment References Chapter 8. Neurodevelopmental Disorders Emily de los Reyes Introduction Clinical history Physical examination Neurogenetics References Chapter 9. Duchene Muscular Dystrophy CY Tsao Introduction Resources for Patients References Chapter 10. Spinal Muscular Atrophy CY Tsao Introduction Resources for Patients References Chapter 11. Myasthenia Gravis CY Tsao Introduction Resources for patients References Chapter 12. Inherited Neuropathies Gloria Galloway Introduction Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathies (HMSN) Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies (HSAN) Giant Axonal Neuropathy (GAN) Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B Infantile and Juvenile Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy Treatment References Chapter 13. Acquired Neuropathies Gloria Galloway Acquired Neuropathies Neuropathies Associated with Altered Immuno-modulation Variants of GBS Acute motor-sensory axonal polyneuropathy Acute motor axonal polyneuropathy Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) Distal-acquired demyelinating symmetric neuropathy (DADS) Multifocal motor neuropathy Vasculitic neuropathy Neuropathies Associated with Infectious Diseases Leprosy neuropathy HIV and HTLV1 Lyme infection Neuropathies Associated with Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disorders Neuropathies Associated with Endocrine Diseases Diabetic neuropathy Hypothyroidism neuropathy Uremic neuropathy Neuropathies Secondary to Toxin Exposure Neuropathies Associated with Vitamin Deficiencies Neuropathies Associated with Malignancies References Chapter 14. Pediatric Stroke Warren Lo Introduction Clinical Manifestations Neonatal AIS Childhood AIS Anterior circulation infarctions Posterior circulation infarctions Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) Presumed perinatal ischemic stroke (PPIS) Hemorrhage Etiology of Stroke Causes of ischemic infarction Causes of sinovenous thrombosis Causes of hemorrhage Diagnostic Evaluation Risk factor evaluation Radiographic evaluation Treatment of Stroke in Children Acute management: General measures Acute management: To prevent stroke recurrence Acute management: Once a source for potential recurrence is identified Vasculopathies Additional measures for acute arterial ischemic stroke Chronic treatment to prevent stroke recurrence in specific conditions Chronic management of hemorrhagic stroke Trends in rehabilitation Schedule for the Dosing of Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) Schedule for Antiplatelet Agent Dosing References Chapter 15. Neurocutaneous Syndromes Monica Islam and E. Steve Roach Introduction Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Comorbidities in tuberous sclerosis complex Evaluation of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex Neurofibromatosis 1 Evaluations of individuals with neurofibromatosis 1 Neurofibromatosis 2 Evaluation of an individual with neurofibromatosis 2 Sturge Weber Syndrome Ataxia Telangiectasia Von Hippel Lindau Disease References Chapter 16. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Shawn Aylward Introduction Clinical Presentation Diagonsis Treatment Pharmacological treatment of IIH Weight control Surgical interventions Outcome References Chapter 17. Syncope Shane F. Tsai, Jack R. Stines and Timothy M. Hoffman Differential Diagnosis of Syncope Common benign Structural heart disease Primary arrhythmia Miscellaneous Important Elements in the History and Physical Examination (Figure 1) History Common benign Pathological findings Physical examination Diagnostic tests Routine Advanced Treatment Routine Advanced Medications Cardiac pacing Driving Recommendations Referral to Cardiovascular Medicine References Chapter 18. Central Nervous System Infections in Neonates, Infants, and Children Rebecca Wallihan and Dennis Cunningham Introduction Bacterial Meningitis Etiology Clinical features Diagnosis Antimicrobial therapy Adjunctive therapies and supportive care Complications Aseptic Meningitis, Encephalitis, and Meningoencephalitis Etiology Clinical features Diagnosis Treatment HSV Enterovirus References Chapter 19. Hydrocephalus Eric M. Jackson and Corey Raffel Epidemiology Pathogenesis Signs and Symptoms Diagnostic Studies Treatment of Hydrocephalus and its Complications References Chapter 20. Neurology of the Neonate Lenora Lehwald and Laurel Slaughter Defining the Neonatal Population Clinical History of the Neonate Neurological Examination of the Neonate in the Nursery or Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Common Neurological Diseases of the Neonate Hypoxic-ischemic injury (neonatal encephalopathy) Neonatal seizures In utero drug exposure The hypotonic infant References Chapter 21. Palliative Care for the Pediatric Neurologist Janine Winters Palliative Care Defined The palliative care team’s goals and roles in the care of the patient and family Eliciting concerns Anticipating Treatment Choices Anticipating disease progression Managing Symptoms Symptoms:Managing late symptoms in children with incurable neurological disease Dyspnea Pain Notes Titrating opioid pain medications End-of-life care planning: Decisions about resuscitation effects Focus on ethics Focus on a natural process Focus on continuing to work together Focus on identifying what the family can control Focus on sharing the moral burden Physical Changes in the Final Hours of Life Neurological changes Gastrointestinal changes Pulmonary changes Integumentary changes Cardiovascular changes Recognition and Treatment of Suffering by the Interdisciplinary Team Preventing Distressing Symptoms at the End of Life Grief and bereavement Conclusion Recommended Resources References Chapter 22. Tic Disorder and Tourette Syndrome Pedro Weisleder and Latif Khuhro Tic Disorder Tourette Syndrome Conditions related to TS Diagnosis of TS Treatment of TS Medications Non-pharmacological treatment Education References Index