Innovative Renewable Waste Conversion Technologies

Description

This book investigates innovative solutions to increase the share of renewable engery in the global power mix, with a particular focus on improved and sustainable biomass conversion technologies.  To this end, the book deals with an analysis of the generation mix of renewable energies (including biofuels, renewable waste and biogas) in the overall power balance of several countries. In addition, the possibilities of using bioenergy resources in the context of power generation are thoroughly analyzed. As one of the most important ways of converting biomass into energy, the combustion process is analyzed in detail, highlighting the vast potential for the use of innovative biofuels. In this context, a detailed classification of existing biofuels is established, reflecting the relationship between their energy properties and their potential use in industrial facilities. Additionally, the most efficient combustion technologies for the respective applications are discussed. Furthermore, the authors emphasize that the management of renewable waste, both from industry (tannery waste and oils from transport) and agriculture, requires an economic and environmental friendly approach. The challenges of burning various renewable waste fuels and upgrading industrial facilities are discussed, and the ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for "Affordable and Clean Energy".  The book is a useful resource for professionals dealing with current and upcoming activities related to renewable energy combustion, and a good starting point for young researchers. Preface I Preface II Contents Editors and Contributors 1 Structure of the Energy Produced from Renewable Sources Abstract 1 General Aspects 2 RES Potential Territorial Spreading and Variability 3 Evolutionary Trend Analysis 4 Discussions 5 Comparative Analysis to Other European Union Countries 6 Conclusions Bibliography 2 The Matrix of Energy Biofuels Abstract 1 Biofuels Definition 2 Biomass Used in E.U. For Energy Generation 3 Conclusions Bibliography 3 The Technological Matrix for the Efficient Use of Biofuels Abstract 1 Introduction 2 The Matrix of Efficient Biofuel Combustion Technologies 3 Condensation and Cogeneration Power Plants for Biomass References 4 Combined Combustion Required for Energy Fuels Abstract 1 The Need to Use Fuel Mixtures 2 Thermo-Gas-Dynamic Criteria for a Sure Ignition and an Efficient Combustion in a Furnace 2.1 General Considerations 2.2 Fuel Ignition 2.2.1 Gaseous Fuels 2.2.2 Solid Fuels 2.2.3 Liquid Fuels 2.2.4 Ignition Stability 2.2.5 Thermal Load 2.3 Theoretical Combustion Temperature 2.4 Temperature at the End of the Furnace 3 Low Calorific Value of Biofuel Blends 4 Biofuels that Require Co-Firing with Other Fuels or Biofuels 4.1 Solid Biofuels 4.2 Liquid Biofuels 4.3 Gaseous Biofuels 5 Conclusions Bibliography 5 Experimental Tests on the Combustion of Animal Fats Abstract 1 Considerations for Combustion of Pulverized Drops of Fat 2 Energy Characteristics of Animal Fats 3 Experimental Research on Animal Fat Burning 3.1 The Experimental Installation 3.2 Conditions for Realized Laboratory Experiments 3.3 Results of Experimental Laboratory Research for the Combustion of Liquid Fuel Lightly Mixed with Bovine Fat 3.4 Results of Experimental Laboratory Research on the Combustion of Light Liquid Fuel Mixed with Swine Animal Fat 4 Interpretation of the Results Obtained from Experimental Research 4.1 Results Obtained by Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Different Dosages of Bovine Animal Fat Using Spray Nozzle with Diameter d = 0.50 mm 4.2 Results Obtained by Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Different Dosages of Bovine Animal Fat Using the Spray Nozzle with Diameter d1 = 0.85 mm 4.3 Results Obtained by Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Different Dosages of Swine Animal Fat Using a Spray Nozzle with a Diameter d1 = 0.85 mm 4.4 Conclusions of Experimental Research 5 Dynamics of Combustion of the Mixture of Light Liquid Hydrocarbons with Animal Fats Obtained by Mathematical Modeling 5.1 Geometric Configuration of the Installation Optimized 5.2 Setting the Boundary Conditions and the Simulation Range for the Boiler 5.3 Results Obtained for Simulating the Combustion Process for Light Liquid Hydrocarbons 5.4 Results Obtained for Simulating the Process of Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Bovine Animal Fats 5.5 Results Obtained in Simulating the Process of Burning Light Liquid Fuel with Swine Animal Fats 5.6 Conclusions Bibliography 6 Combustion of Biogas Obtained by Anaerobic Fermentation of Animal Proteins Abstract 1 Achievement of an Anaerobic Digester for Animal Protein 2 Energy Characteristics 3 Combustion Characteristics 4 Applied Research on Biogas Combustion Performance 4.1 Experimental Equipment 4.2 Kinetic Combustion of Biogas 4.3 Diffuse Combustion of the Analyzed Biogas 5 Conclusions on the Experiments Bibliography 7 Feasibility and Experimental Study of Cogeneration Plant Using Wood Biomass Gasification Process Abstract 1 Overview of the Forest Biomass Potential in Europe 2 Simultaneous Production of Thermal and Electric Energy (Cogeneration) Through Biomass Gasification Process 2.1 General Information 2.2 General Information of Large Scale Biomass Gasification System 2.3 Technology Overview 2.3.1 Biomass Processing Unit 2.3.2 Dryer 2.3.3 Gasifier 2.3.4 Syngas Treatment System 2.3.5 Steam and Water Treatment 2.3.6 Syngas Combustion Process 2.4 Electricity and Thermal Energy Production 3 Conclusions Bibliography 8 Design and Experimental Testing of a Horizontal Flame Burner for Agricultural Waste Pellets Abstract 1 General Aspects 2 Constructive-Functional Conception for Horizontal Flame Pellet Burner 3 Burner Design 4 Modeling the Aerodynamic Process to the Burner Function 5 Burner Operation Tests 6 Conclusions Bibliography 9 Experimental Research of Combustion of Poultry Manure Abstract 1 Introductory Aspects 2 General Context 3 Combustion Technology Selection 4 Conclusions Bibliography 10 Waste Heat Recovery from Boilers and Furnaces Running on Biomass Waste Products Abstract 1 Introduction in Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Biomass-Fired Boilers and Furnaces 1.1 Waste Heat Recovery for Preheating of Combustion Air 1.2 Waste Heat Recovery for Heating of Water 1.3 Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery 1.4 The Popularity of Biofuels 1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass 2 Industrial Applications of Waste Heat Recovery Systems 2.1 Economizers for Boilers 2.2 Installation for Recovery of Combustible Wood Waste 3 Conclusions Bibliography 11 Solutions for Polluting Emissions Reduction in Internal Combustion Engines Abstract 1 Pollutant Emissions of Internal Combustion Engines 1.1 Formation of Pollutant Emissions and Their Effects 2 Alternative Fuels Use as Method to Reduce the Pollutant Emissions and GHG 2.1 Hydrogen Use at the Internal Combustion Engines 2.1.1 Potential of Hydrogen Use 2.1.2 Properties of Hydrogen 2.1.3 Peculiarities of Hydrogen Combustion in the Internal Combustion Engine 2.1.4 Solutions for Hydrogen Fueling of Internal Combustion Engines 2.1.5 Theoretical and Experimental Research on the Hydrogen Use as Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines Use of Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel to the Spark Ignition Engine (SIE) Use of Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel to CIE 2.2 Alcohols Use at the Internal Combustion Engines 2.2.1 Alcohols Properties and Their Implications on the Internal Combustion Engines Operation 2.2.2 Bioethanol Use at the Spark Ignition Engines Fueling 2.2.3 Methanol Use at the Diesel Engines Fueling 2.3 Gaseous Fuels Use at the Internal Combustion Engines 2.3.1 General Considerations on Gaseous Fuels 2.3.2 Physico-Chemical Properties of Interest 3 Conclusions 3.1 Conclusions on Hydrogen Use 3.2 Conclusions on Alcohols Use 3.3 Conclusions on LPG Use Bibliography 12 Technologies for Energy Production from Lignocellulosic Agricultural Residues Abstract 1 Technologies for Energy Utilization of Straw 1.1 Technologies and Equipment 1.2 Environmental Aspects 2 Technologies for Collection and Energy Utilization of Corn Residues (Stalks, Cobs) 3 Technologies for Collection and Energy Utilization of Sunflower Residues (Stalks, Husk) 4 Energy and Ecological Life-Cycle Analysis of Corn By-Products Energy Usage 4.1 Methodology for Assessing Energy and Environmental Efficiency of Bioenergy Technologies 4.2 Energy Analysis of the Use of Corn Residues in Bales, Pellets and Briquettes for Thermal Energy Production 4.3 Ecological Analysis of the Use of Corn By-Products in Bales, Pellets, and Briquettes for Thermal Energy Production 5 Roadmap for Bioenergy Development in Ukraine Until 2050 5.1 Goal, Time frame, and Benchmarks of the Roadmap 5.2 Biomass Potential in Ukraine and Its Estimation Until 2050 5.3 Suggested Use of Bioenergy Potential by Types of Biomass and Obtained Energy Carrier Until 2050 5.4 Biofuels in the Sectors of Heat Production, Power Production and Transport 5.5 Envisaged Bioenergy Equipment to Be Introduced Until 2050 5.6 Assessment of Investments Required for Implementing Roadmap Until 2050 5.7 Roadmap Summary 6 Conclusions Bibliography 13 Purification of Waste Oils from the Transport Industry Through Nanotechnology Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Current State of the Valorization by Burning of Waste Oil from Romania and the Physico-chemical Characteristics of Waste Oil 3 Technologies for the Purification of Waste Oils Filtered Nanostructured Materials 4 Adsorption Capacity Modeling Study for the Purification of Waste Oils 5 Methods and Determinations Regarding the Amount of Metal in the Used Oil 6 Prerequisites 7 Use of Bentonites in the Purification of Waste Oils from the Transport Industry 7.1 General Aspects 7.2 Experimental Research 7.3 Research on the Combustion of Waste Oils Purified by Adsorption in Bentonite 8 Transfer of Waste Oil Purification Technology to an Industrial Installation 9 Conclusions Bibliography 14 Environmental Impact and Risk Analysis of the Implementation of Cogeneration Power Plants Through Biomass Processing Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Environmental Analysis 3 Risk Assessment 3.1 Performance and Technology-Related Risks 3.2 Completion Risk 3.3 Operations and Routine Maintenance Risk 3.4 Power Sales-Related Risks to the Owner/Lender 3.5 Fuel Supply Risk 3.6 Site-Related Risks 3.7 Water-Related Issues 4 Conclusions Bibliography 15 Informatics Applications for Efficient Exploitation of Forestry Fund Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Informatics’ Applications for Efficient Exploitation of Forestry Fund 2.1 Renewable Energy Resources and Their Potential 3 Sustainable Management of the Forest Fund by Operating the Integrated Information Tracking System 3.1 General Considerations 3.2 Protection and Conservation of Forest Ecosystems 3.3 Economic and Legislative Context for the Implementation and Use of the Information Application Agent Summary 4 Conclusion Bibliography 16 The Staged Combustion of Meat-and-Bone Meal: The Characteristics of Conversion Sub-processes and Large-Scale Process Outputs Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Steps Towards Development of Staged Combustion Technology 2 Physicochemical Characterization of Meat-and-Bone Meal 3 Properties of Mineral Fraction of Animal Meal 4 Sub-processes of Thermal Conversion 4.1 Drying 4.2 Pyrolysis 4.2.1 Release of Volatile Compounds 4.2.2 Thermal Effect of Decomposition 4.3 Combustion of Volatiles 4.3.1 Combustion Time 4.3.2 Temperature of Combustion 4.3.3 Mass Burning Rate of Volatiles—Determination of Kinetic Constants 4.4 Combustion of Char 4.4.1 Combustion Time 4.4.2 Temperature of Combustion 4.4.3 Mass Burning Rate of Char—Determination of Kinetic Constants 5 Staged Combustion of MBM 5.1 Combustion System Details 5.2 Operation of a 12 MW Pilot-Scale Installation 5.2.1 Thermal Performance of the System 5.2.2 Combustibles in Ash 5.2.3 Emission Levels 6 Conclusions and Future Development Prospects Bibliography Index