Pediatric rhinosinusitis

Description

Contents Contributors Part I: Definitions and Basics Chapter 1: Definitions and Clinical Signs and Symptoms Acute Rhinosinusitis Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis Chronic Rhinosinusitis References Chapter 2: Burden and Health Impact of Pediatric Rhinosinusitis Prevalence of Pediatric Rhinosinusitis Quality of Life Impact Quality of Life Surveys Social Disparities Financial and Societal Burden Conclusion References Chapter 3: Pathogenesis of Pediatric Rhinosinusitis Normal Paranasal Sinuses Physiology Pathogenesis Systemic Comorbidities Associated with Rhinosinusitis Allergic Rhinitis Asthma Immunodeficiency Sinonasal Mucosal Immune Responses Cystic Fibrosis Nasal Polyps Mucociliary Dysfunction Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Regional Anatomical Factors Associated with RS Sinonasal Anatomic Factors Role of the Adenoids Aquired Mucociliary Clearance Dysfunction Environmental Agents Associated with RS Microorganisms Infection and Biofilm Formation Tobacco Smoke Exposure References Chapter 4: Imaging in Pediatric Rhinosinusitis Introduction Responsible Use of Radiation Sinus Development and Anatomical Abnormalities Imaging Modalities for Sinus Disease Imaging Signs of Rhinosinusitis Complications of Rhinosinusitis Pott’s Puffy Tumor (Frontal Sinus Osteomyelitis) Cystic Fibrosis Allergic Fungal Sinusitis References Chapter 5: Microbiology of Pediatric Sinusitis Introduction Normal Flora Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis Odontogenic Sinusitis Pediatric Nosocomial Sinusitis Complicated Sinusitis Chronic Rhinosinusitis Biofilm Formation in Chronic Rhinosinusitis References Part II: Sinusitis and Other Pediatric Issues Chapter 6: The Role of Adenoids in Pediatric Sinusitis Background Pathophysiology: Adenoid Tissue and CRS Approaches to Treatment Summary/Recommendations References Chapter 7: Allergy and Sinusitis Introduction Epidemiology Patient Impact Pathophysiology: Immunologic Pathophysiology: Anatomic Treatment and Controversies Conclusions References Chapter 8: Rhinosinusitis and Asthma in Children Introduction Pediatric Rhinosinusitis Epidemiological Associations Acute Rhinosinusitis Chronic Rhinosinusitis Pathogenesis Treatment Knowledge Gaps References Chapter 9: Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Children with Cystic Fibrosis Introduction Classification of CRS Pathophysiology Genetics Diagnosis Further Evaluation Medical Treatment Treatment of CF-Related Pulmonary Disease CFTR Modulators Surgical Treatment Surgical Decision-Making in CF CRS Summary References Chapter 10: Sinusitis and Immunodeficiency in Children Introduction Diagnosis Workup Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) SAD Selective IgA Deficiency CD8± T Lymphocyte Deficiency IgG Subclass Deficiency Secondary Immunodeficiencies Treatment Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy Surgery Conclusion References Chapter 11: Pediatric Rhinosinusitis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Introduction GERD Pathophysiology of Sinusitis and GERD Treatment Conclusions References Chapter 12: Pediatric Sinusitis and Adenoiditis Anatomy and Function of Adenoid Adenoid Hypertrophy Symptoms of Adenoiditis and Sinusitis Adenoid Bacteriology Adenoid Bacteriology and Adenoid Hypertrophy Theories Behind Adenoid Causes of Chronic Sinusitis Adenoid Hypertrophy Adenoid Bacterial Reservoir Adenoid Biofilms Diagnostic Testing Treatment of Chronic Adenoiditis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis Medical Management Surgical Management Complementary Medicine Conclusion References Suggested Reading Part III: Medical Treatment of Rhinosinusitis Chapter 13: Antibiotics: Intranasal and Systemic for Treatment of Sinusitis in Children Introduction Bacteriology Cultures Oral Antibiotics in Acute Rhinosinusitis Oral Antibiotics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Intravenous Antibiotics Antibiotic Irrigations Conclusion References Chapter 14: Saline Irrigation in Pediatric Rhinosinusitis Introduction Physiology Patients How to Use and Types of Irrigation Devices Tonicity of Irrigation Solution Special Considerations Conclusion References Chapter 15: Medical Treatment of Pediatric Rhinosinusitis: Focus on Intranasal and Systemic Corticosteroids Intranasal Saline Antibiotics Intranasal Corticosteroids Systemic Steroids References Part IV: Surgical Treatment of Rhinosinusitis Chapter 16: Adenoidectomy and Sinus Lavage Introduction Treatment Role of Imaging for Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis Adenoidectomy Sinus Lavage Practice Patterns for Treatment of Pediatric Chronic Rhinosinusitis Conclusion References Chapter 17: Balloon Sinuplasty in Children Introduction History Evidence in Pediatric Patients Safety Efficacy BCD Versus Medical Management BCS Versus FESS Expanded Indications Controversy Technique Conclusion References Chapter 18: Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Pediatric Patients Introduction Indications and Outcomes PCRS Unresponsive to Medical Therapy Complicated PCRS Symptomatic Mucoceles, Antrochoanal Polyps, and Fungal Sinusitis Complications of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis Technique Surgical Technique Maxillary Sinus Ethmoid Sinuses Sphenoid Sinus Frontal Sinus Septum Concha Bullosa Image Guidance Postoperative Care Follow-Up Midface Growth Conclusions References Chapter 19: Septoplasty and Turbinate Reduction in Children Introduction Anatomy Evaluation of the Septum and Inferior Turbinate in the Pediatric Patient Pediatric Septoplasty: Effect on Facial Growth Pediatric Septoplasty: Indications Pediatric Septoplasty: Outcomes Pediatric Septoplasty: Technique Surgery on the Inferior Turbinate Conclusion References Chapter 20: Postoperative Management of Pediatric Sinusitis Introduction Management after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) Topical Therapy after FESS Nasal Saline Irrigation Nasal Saline Spray Topical Antibiotics Nasal Steroids Systemic Therapy Systemic Steroids Oral Antibiotics Adjuvant Postoperative Oral Medications In-Office Debridement Versus “Second-Look” Surgery Cystic Fibrosis: Postoperative Management Second-Look Procedure Postoperative Topical Therapy Saline and Corticosteroids Topical Antibiotics Dornase Alfa Topical Gene Therapy Postoperative Systemic Therapy Oral Steroids and Oral Antibiotics IV Antibiotics Oral Antihistamines and Decongestants Avoiding Triggering Factors in the Postoperative Period Second-Hand Smoke and Environmental Irritants Allergic Rhinitis Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Conclusion References Chapter 21: Failure of Surgical Treatment in Children with Chronic Rhinosinusitis Introduction Definition of Failure Patient Groups at Risk for Failure Smoke Exposure Age Asthma Allergic Fungal Sinusitis Cystic Fibrosis Cilia Motility Defect Immunodeficiency Methods for Reducing Failure Conclusion References Part V: Complications Chapter 22: Pediatric Intracranial Complications from Sinusitis Introduction Orbital Complications Intracranial Infections Changing Nature of Complications Since the Advent of the Prevnar Vaccine Health-Care Costs of Sinusitis Complications References Index