Postharvest Plant Pathology
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The purpose of the book Postharvest Plant Pathology is to provide its readers recent developments and updated comprehensive information on postharvest pathogens & diseases of major crops. This book explicates the fundamental aspects of postharvest diseases of crops and is conveniently divided into ten chapters, providing the latest information on the concept & types of postharvest diseases, economically significant postharvest pathogens & diseases of major crops, factors governing postharvest diseases, storage conditions, food safety issues, quiescence in post harvest pathogens, detailed & recent information on major mycotoxins, various approaches of postharvest disease management, integrated management strategies, biochemical & molecular aspects of postharvest diseases, apart from which, an exclusive chapter for discussing the postharvest nematode diseases and their management is also furnished. Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. This title is co-published with NIPA. Cover Half Title About the Author Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Preface Acknowledgement Table of Contents List of Colour Plates 1 Concept and Types of Postharvest Diseases 1.1. Postharvest food loss due to diseases 1.2. Categories of postharvest diseases 1.3. Pathogens causing postharvest diseases 1.4. Infection process 1.4.1. Pre-harvest infection 1.4.2. Effect of bruising in infection 1.4.3. Disease associated with excessive preharvest fruit drop 1.4.4. Postharvest infection 1.5 Latent infections in the pre- and postharvest environment 1.5.1. Mechanisms of quiescence 1.5.2. Major types of penetration of postharvest pathogens 1.5.3. Modes of infection by postharvest pathogens 1.5.4. Host physiological status References 2. Postharvest Diseases 2.1. Seed borne diseases 2.2. Classification of postharvest diseases 2.2.1. Diseases of stored seeds and food grains 2.3. Storage fungi and toxins 2.4. Major pathogens of postharvest fruits and vegetables 2.4.1. Penicillium digitatum (Green mold, Blue mold) 2.4.2. Botrytis cinerea (Grey mold rot) 2.4.3. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Bitter rot) 2.4.4. Alternaria alternata (Black Rot, Black Spot) 2.4 5. Mucor pyriformis (Mucor Rot) 2.4.6. Monilinia fructicola (Brown Rot) 2.4.7. Rhizopus spp. (Bread mold/Soft Rots) 2.4.8. Cladosporium spp., (Bread mold) 2.4.9. Phomopsis spp., (Stem end rot / Stem canker/ Spots) 2.4.10. Phytophthora (Rots) 2.4.11. Aspergillus niger (Black mould) 2.4.12. Galactomyces citri-aurantii (Formerly Geotrichum candidum) 2.4.13. Lasiodiplodia (Botryodiplodia) theobromae 2.4.14. Fusarium rot 2.4.15. Phoma rot 2.4.16. Rhizoctonia solani (Rots) 2.4.17. Diplodia stem-end rot 2.4.18. Ceratocystis paradoxa (Black rot) 2.4.19. Curvularia rots 2.4.20. Sclerotium rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) 2.4.21. Choanephora cucurbitarum (Wet Rot) 2.4.22. Phytophthora parasitica (Rots) 2.4.23. Pythium aphanidermatum (Soft rots) 2.4.24. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (White mold) 2.5. Symptoms of postharvest diseases of fruits 2.6. Symptoms of postharvest diseases of vegetable and other crops References 3. Factors Governing Postharvest Diseases 3.1. Pre harvest and postharvest infections 3.2. Factors affecting postharvest diseases References 4. Storage Conditions and Food Safety Issues 4.1. Packing and storage environments 4.2. Effect of storage environment on postharvest decay 4.3. Temperature and relative humidity management 4.4. Refrigerated transport and storage 4.5. Treatments to reduce microbial contamination 4.6. Modified atmosphere storage 4.7. Ethylene exclusion and removal 4.8. Postharvest care 4.9. Storage environment 4.10. Food safety issues 4.10.1. Regulation for minimizing pathogen contamination 4.10.2. Pre-harvest food safety: WHO Report 4.10.3. Future areas for improving management practices 4.10.4. Future directions at National and International levels References 5. Quiescence in Postharvest Pathogens 5.1. Quiescence 5.2. Quiescent stages 5.3. Quiescence and postharvest disease development 5.4. Mechanism of pathogenesis during postharvest decay 5.5. Importance of pH in quiescence 5.6. Genomic and transcriptomic studies of host factors that modulate quiescence in plant-fungal interactions 5.7. Managing quiescent infections References 6. Mycotoxins 6.1. Major mycotoxins 6.1.1. Aflatoxins 6.1.2. Citrinin 6.1.3. Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) 6.1.4. Ergot alkaloids 6.1.5. Fumonisins 6.1.6. Ochratoxin 6.1.7. Patulin 6.1.8. Trichothecenes 6.1.9. Zearalenone 6.1.10. Cyclopiazonic acid 6.1.11. Penitrem 6.1.12. T-2 toxin 6.1.13. Other mycotoxins and purported mycotoxicoses 6.2. Mycoses and Mycotoxicoses 6.2.1. Mycotoxins and human health 6.2.2. Fungalbionics 6.3. Bioterrorism 6.4. Symptoms and diagnosis 6.5. Management of mycotoxins 6.5.1. Pre harvest management of mycotoxins 6.5.2. Postharvest management of mycotoxins 6.5.3. Inactivation of mycotoxins 6.5.4. Chemical methods 6.5.5. Biomanagement References 7. Postharvest Disease Management 7.1. Principles of postharvest disease management 7.2. Management strategies 7.3. Postharvest treatments designed to minimize produce contamination and to maximize quality 7.4. Postharvest care 7.5. The nature of postharvest management 7.6. Postharvest treatments 7.6.1. Chlorination 7.6.2. Ethylene inhibitors/Thermal / fungicide treatments 7.6.3. Fumigation 7.6.4. Irradiation 7.6.5. Nanopartilces and salts 7.6.6. Waxing 7.6. Biofungicides 7.7. Managing quiescent infections 7.8. Biofumigation 7.9. Natural microbial antagonists 7.10. Chemical fungicides 7.11. Bactericides 7.12. Alternative eco-friendly approaches 7.12.1. Nanoparticles 7.12.2. Chitosan 7.12.3. Essential oils 7.12.4. Plant extracts 7.12.5. Acetic acid, peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide 7.12.6. Salts 7.12.7. Jasmonic and salicylic acid 7.12.8. Coatings and edible film from natural sources 7.12.9. Ultrasound 7.12.10. Fogging 7.12.11. Plant latex 7.12.12. Seaweed extracts 7.12.13. Photosensitization 7.12.14. Biomolecules References 8. Integrated Management of Postharvest Diseases 8.1. Categories 8.2. Management options 8.3. Postharvest IDM Tools 8.4. Integrated approach in a nut shell 8.5. Holistic approach 8.6. Integrated management in stored grains References 9. Postharvest Nematode Diseases and Their Management 9.1. General characteristics of phytonematodes 9.2. Major nematodes of postharvest significance: 9.2.1. Cyst nematodes of potato (Globodera rostochiensis & G. pallida) 9.2.2. Potato rot nematode (Ditylenchus destructor) 9.2.3. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) 9.2.4. Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) & Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus multicinctus) 9.2.5. Seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) 9.2.6. Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) 9.2.7. Nematodes infesting rice 9.2.8. Root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) 9.2.9. Citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) 9.2.10. Mushroom nematodes (Ditylenchus myceliophagus, Aphelenchoides composticola) 9.2.11. Red ring nematode of coconut (Rhadinaphelenchus / Bursaphelenchus cocophilus) 9.2.12. Cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) 9.2.13. Stem & bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) 9.3. Symptoms of major postharvest nematode diseases References 10. Biochemical and Molecular Aspects of Postharvest Diseases 10.1. Postharvest disease development 10.1.1. Botrytis and Colletotrichum Models 10.1.2. S trawberry-Botrytis cinerea pathosystem 10.1.3. Unripe fruit tolerance and changes occurring during ripening 10.2. Host factors modulating postharvest fungal development 10.3. Pathogen-modified factors present in the host 10.4. Natural host factors affecting the pathogen 10.4.1. Phytohormones 10.4.2. Jasmonate-salicylate crosstalk 10.4.3. Not only SA and JA crosstalk 10.4.4. Ethylene dual role in ripening and defense response 10.4.5 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) role 10.4.6. Cuticle and fatty acid biosynthesis 10.4.7. Cell wall remodeling and soluble sugar accumulation 10.4.8. Cell wall modifications 10.4.9. pH change during fruit ripening and fungal colonization 10.4.10. Preformed and inducible antifungal resistance 10.4.11. Inducible phenylpropanoid metabolism 10.4.12. Roles of extracellular proteins in pathogenesis 10.4.13. Significance of salicylic acid in postharvest physiology of crops 10.4.14. Hijacking of ripening regulation by Botrytis cinerea 10.4.15. Mechanisms of defence and avoidance against Botrytis cinerea 10.4.16. Molecular aspects in pathogen-fruit interactions: Virulence and Resistance 10.4.17. New technologies for studying host-pathogeninteractions in postharvest fruit systems References
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