Theory of Machines and Mechanisms

Description

Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, Fifth Edition, is an ideal text for the complete study of displacements, velocities, accelerations, and static and dynamic forces required for the proper design of mechanical linkages, cams, and geared systems. The authors present the background, notation, and nomenclature essential for students to understand the various independent technical approaches that exist in the field of mechanisms, kinematics, and dynamics. The fifth edition features streamlined coverage and substantially revised worked examples. This latest edition also includes a greater number of problems, suitable for in-class discussion or homework, at the end of each chapter. FEATURES * Offers balanced coverage of all topics by both graphic and analytic methods * Covers all major analytic approaches * Provides high-accuracy graphical solutions to exercises, by use of CAD software * Includes the method of kinematic coefficients and also integrates the coverage of linkages, cams, and geared systems * An Ancillary Resource Center (ARC) offers an Instructor's Solutions Manual, solutions to 100 of the problems from the text using MatLab, and PowerPoint lecture slides * A Companion Website includes more than 100 animations of key figures from the text Cover Title Copyright Contents (direct linking) Preface About the Authors PART 1 : Kinematics and Mechanisms [1-5] 1. The World of Mechanisms 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS 1.3 SCIENCE OF MECHANICS 1.4 TERMINOLOGY, DEFINITIONS, AND ASSUMPTIONS 1.5 PLANAR, SPHERIC, AND SPATIAL MECHANISMS 1.6 MOBILITY 1.7 CHARACTERISTICS OF MECHANISMS 1.8 KINEMATIC INVERSION 1.9 GRASHOF’S LAW 1.10 MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE 1.11 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 2. Position, Posture, and Displacement 2.1 LOCUS OF A MOVING POINT 2.2 POSITION OF A POINT 2.3 POSITION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS 2.4 APPARENT POSITION OF A POINT 2.5 ABSOLUTE POSITION OF A POINT 2.6 POSTURE OF A RIGID BODY 2.7 LOOP-CLOSURE EQUATIONS 2.8 GRAPHIC POSTURE ANALYSIS 2.9 ALGEBRAIC POSTURE ANALYSIS 2.10 COMPLEX-ALGEBRAIC SOLUTIONS OF PLANAR VECTOR EQUATIONS 2.11 COMPLEX POLAR ALGEBRA 2.12 POSTURE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 2.13 COUPLER-CURVE GENERATION 2.14 DISPLACEMENT OF A MOVING POINT 2.15 DISPLACEMENT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS 2.16 TRANSLATION AND ROTATION 2.17 APPARENT DISPLACEMENT 2.18 ABSOLUTE DISPLACEMENT 2.19 APPARENT ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT 2.20 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 3. Velocity 3.1 DEFINITION OF VELOCITY 3.2 ROTATION OF A RIGID BODY 3.3 VELOCITY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POINTS OF A RIGID BODY 3.4 VELOCITY POLYGONS; VELOCITY IMAGES 3.5 APPARENT VELOCITY OF A POINT IN A MOVING COORDINATE SYSTEM 3.6 APPARENT ANGULAR VELOCITY 3.7 DIRECT CONTACT AND ROLLING CONTACT 3.8 SYSTEMATIC STRATEGY FOR VELOCITY ANALYSIS 3.9 ALGEBRAIC VELOCITY ANALYSIS 3.10 COMPLEX-ALGEBRAIC VELOCITY ANALYSIS 3.11 METHOD OF KINEMATIC COEFFICIENTS 3.12 INSTANTANEOUS CENTERS OF VELOCITY 3.13 ARONHOLD-KENNEDY THEOREM OF THREE CENTERS 3.14 LOCATING INSTANTANEOUS CENTERS OF VELOCITY 3.15 VELOCITY ANALYSIS USING INSTANT CENTERS 3.16 ANGULAR-VELOCITY-RATIO THEOREM 3.17 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FIRST-ORDER KINEMATIC COEFFICIENTS AND INSTANT CENTERS 3.18 FREUDENSTEIN’S THEOREM 3.19 INDICES OF MERIT; MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE 3.20 CENTRODES 3.21 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 4. Acceleration 4.1 DEFINITION OF ACCELERATION 4.2 ANGULAR ACCELERATION 4.3 ACCELERATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POINTS OF A RIGID BODY 4.4 ACCELERATION POLYGONS; ACCELERATION IMAGES 4.5 APPARENT ACCELERATION OF A POINT IN A MOVING COORDINATE SYSTEM 4.6 APPARENT ANGULAR ACCELERATION 4.7 DIRECT CONTACT AND ROLLING CONTACT 4.8 SYSTEMATIC STRATEGY FOR ACCELERATION ANALYSIS 4.9 ALGEBRAIC ACCELERATION ANALYSIS 4.10 COMPLEX-ALGEBRAIC ACCELERATION ANALYSIS 4.11 METHOD OF KINEMATIC COEFFICIENTS 4.12 EULER-SAVARY EQUATION 4.13 BOBILLIER CONSTRUCTIONS 4.14 INSTANTANEOUS CENTER OF ACCELERATION 4.15 BRESSE CIRCLE (OR DE LA HIRE CIRCLE) 4.16 RADIUS OF CURVATURE OF A POINT TRAJECTORY USING KINEMATIC COEFFICIENTS 4.17 CUBIC OF STATIONARY CURVATURE 4.18 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 5. Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Mechanisms 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 POSTURE ANALYSIS; ALGEBRAIC SOLUTION 5.3 VELOCITY ANALYSIS; VELOCITY POLYGONS 5.4 INSTANTANEOUS CENTERS OF VELOCITY 5.5 FIRST-ORDER KINEMATIC COEFFICIENTS 5.6 METHOD OF SUPERPOSITION 5.7 ACCELERATION ANALYSIS; ACCELERATION POLYGONS 5.8 SECOND-ORDER KINEMATIC COEFFICIENTS 5.9 PATH CURVATURE OF A COUPLER POINT TRAJECTORY 5.10 FINITE DIFFERENCEMETHOD 5.11 REFERENCE PROBLEMS PART 2 : Design of Mechanisms [6-10] 6. Cam Design 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF CAMS AND FOLLOWERS 6.3 DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS 6.4 GRAPHIC LAYOUT OF CAM PROFILES 6.5 KINEMATIC COEFFICIENTS OF FOLLOWER 6.6 HIGH-SPEED CAMS 6.7 STANDARD CAMMOTIONS 6.8 MATCHING DERIVATIVES OF DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS 6.9 PLATE CAM WITH RECIPROCATING FLAT-FACE FOLLOWER 6.10 PLATE CAM WITH RECIPROCATING ROLLER FOLLOWER 6.11 RIGID AND ELASTIC CAM SYSTEMS 6.12 DYNAMICS OF AN ECCENTRIC CAM 6.13 EFFECT OF SLIDING FRICTION 6.14 DYNAMICS OF DISK CAM WITH RECIPROCATING ROLLER FOLLOWER 6.15 DYNAMICS OF ELASTIC CAM SYSTEMS 6.16 UNBALANCE, SPRING SURGE, AND WINDUP 6.17 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 7. Spur Gears 7.1 TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS 7.2 FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF TOOTHED GEARING 7.3 INVOLUTE PROPERTIES 7.4 INTERCHANGEABLE GEARS; AGMA STANDARDS 7.5 FUNDAMENTALS OF GEAR-TOOTH ACTION 7.6 MANUFACTURE OF GEAR TEETH 7.7 INTERFERENCE AND UNDERCUTTING 7.8 CONTACT RATIO 7.9 VARYING CENTER DISTANCE 7.10 INVOLUTOMETRY 7.11 NONSTANDARD GEAR TEETH 7.12 PARALLEL-AXIS GEAR TRAINS 7.13 DETERMINING TOOTH NUMBERS 7.14 EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAINS 7.15 ANALYSIS OF EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAINS BY FORMULA 7.16 TABULAR ANALYSIS OF EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAINS 7.17 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 8. Helical Gears, Bevel Gears, Worms, and Worm Gears 8.1 PARALLEL-AXIS HELICAL GEARS 8.2 HELICAL GEAR TOOTH RELATIONS 8.3 HELICAL GEAR TOOTH PROPORTIONS 8.4 CONTACT OF HELICAL GEAR TEETH 8.5 REPLACING SPUR GEARS WITH HELICAL GEARS 8.6 HERRINGBONE GEARS 8.7 CROSSED-AXIS HELICAL GEARS 8.8 STRAIGHT-TOOTH BEVEL GEARS 8.9 TOOTH PROPORTIONS FOR BEVEL GEARS 8.10 BEVEL GEAR EPICYCLIC TRAINS 8.11 CROWN AND FACE GEARS 8.12 SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS 8.13 HYPOID GEARS 8.14 WORMS ANDWORM GEARS 8.15 SUMMERS AND DIFFERENTIALS 8.16 ALL-WHEEL DRIVE TRAIN 8.17 NOTE PROBLEMS 9. Synthesis of Linkages 9.1 TYPE, NUMBER, AND DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS 9.2 FUNCTION GENERATION, PATH GENERATION, AND BODY GUIDANCE 9.3 TWO FINITELY SEPARATED POSTURES OF A RIGID BODY (N = 2) 9.4 THREE FINITELY SEPARATED POSTURES OF A RIGID BODY (N = 3) 9.5 FOUR FINITELY SEPARATED POSTURES OF A RIGID BODY (N = 4) 9.6 FIVE FINITELY SEPARATED POSTURES OF A RIGID BODY (N = 5) 9.7 PRECISION POSTURES; STRUCTURAL ERROR; CHEBYSHEV SPACING 9.8 OVERLAY METHOD 9.9 COUPLER-CURVE SYNTHESIS 9.10 COGNATE LINKAGES; ROBERTS-CHEBYSHEV THEOREM 9.11 FREUDENSTEIN’S EQUATION 9.12 ANALYTIC SYNTHESIS USING COMPLEX ALGEBRA 9.13 SYNTHESIS OF DWELL LINKAGES 9.14 INTERMITTENT ROTARY MOTION 9.15 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 10. Spatial Mechanisms and Robotics 10.1 INTRODUCTION 10.2 EXCEPTIONS TO THE MOBILITY CRITERION 10.3 SPATIAL POSTURE-ANALYSIS PROBLEM 10.4 SPATIAL VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION ANALYSES 10.5 EULER ANGLES 10.6 DENAVIT-HARTENBERG PARAMETERS 10.7 TRANSFORMATION-MATRIX POSTURE ANALYSIS 10.8 MATRIX VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION ANALYSES 10.9 GENERALIZED MECHANISM ANALYSIS COMPUTER PROGRAMS 10.10 INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS 10.11 TOPOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENTS OF ROBOTIC ARMS 10.12 FORWARD KINEMATICS PROBLEM 10.13 INVERSE KINEMATICS PROBLEM 10.14 INVERSE VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION ANALYSES 10.15 ROBOT ACTUATOR FORCE ANALYSIS 10.16 REFERENCES PROBLEMS PART 3 : Dynamics of Machines [11-16] 11. Static Force Analysis 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 NEWTON’S LAWS 11.3 SYSTEMS OF UNITS 11.4 APPLIED AND CONSTRAINT FORCES 11.5 FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS 11.6 CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM 11.7 TWO- AND THREE-FORCE MEMBERS 11.8 FOUR- AND MORE-FORCE MEMBERS 11.9 FRICTION-FORCE MODELS 11.10 FORCE ANALYSIS WITH FRICTION 11.11 SPUR- AND HELICAL-GEAR FORCE ANALYSIS 11.12 STRAIGHT-TOOTH BEVEL-GEAR FORCE ANALYSIS 11.13 METHOD OF VIRTUAL WORK 11.14 INTRODUCTION TO BUCKLING 11.15 EULER COLUMN FORMULA 11.16 CRITICAL UNIT LOAD 11.17 CRITICAL UNIT LOAD AND SLENDERNESS RATIO 11.18 JOHNSON’S PARABOLIC EQUATION 11.19 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 12. Dynamic Force Analysis 12.1 INTRODUCTION 12.2 CENTROID AND CENTER OF MASS 12.3 MASS MOMENTS AND PRODUCTS OF INERTIA 12.4 INERTIA FORCES AND D’ALEMBERT’S PRINCIPLE 12.5 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION 12.6 PLANAR ROTATION ABOUT A FIXED CENTER 12.7 SHAKING FORCES AND MOMENTS 12.8 COMPLEX-ALGEBRAIC APPROACH 12.9 EQUATION OF MOTION FROM POWER EQUATION 12.10 MEASURING MASS MOMENT OF INERTIA 12.11 TRANSFORMATION OF INERTIA AXES 12.12 EULER’S EQUATIONS OF MOTION 12.13 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM 12.14 ANGULAR IMPULSE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM 12.15 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 13. Vibration Analysis 13.1 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF MOTION 13.2 A VERTICAL MODEL 13.3 SOLUTION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 13.4 STEP INPUT FORCING 13.5 PHASE-PLANE REPRESENTATION 13.6 PHASE-PLANE ANALYSIS 13.7 TRANSIENT DISTURBANCES 13.8 FREE VIBRATION WITH VISCOUS DAMPING 13.9 DAMPING OBTAINED BY EXPERIMENT 13.10 PHASE-PLANE REPRESENTATION OF DAMPED VIBRATION 13.11 RESPONSE TO PERIODIC FORCING 13.12 HARMONIC FORCING 13.13 FORCING CAUSED BY UNBALANCE 13.14 RELATIVE MOTION 13.15 ISOLATION 13.16 RAYLEIGH’S METHOD 13.17 FIRST AND SECOND CRITICAL SPEEDS OF A SHAFT 13.18 TORSIONAL SYSTEMS 13.19 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 14. Dynamics of Reciprocating Engines 14.1 ENGINE TYPES 14.2 INDICATOR DIAGRAMS 14.3 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS—GENERAL 14.4 GAS FORCES 14.5 EQUIVALENT MASSES 14.6 INERTIA FORCES 14.7 BEARING LOADS IN A SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE 14.8 SHAKING FORCES OF ENGINES 14.9 COMPUTATION HINTS PROBLEMS 15. Balancing 15.1 STATIC UNBALANCE 15.2 EQUATIONS OF MOTION 15.3 STATIC BALANCING MACHINES 15.4 DYNAMIC UNBALANCE 15.5 ANALYSIS OF UNBALANCE 15.6 DYNAMIC BALANCING 15.7 DYNAMIC BALANCING MACHINES 15.8 FIELD BALANCING WITH A PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATOR 15.9 BALANCING A SINGLE-CYLINDER ENGINE 15.10 BALANCING MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINES 15.11 ANALYTIC TECHNIQUE FOR BALANCING MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINES 15.12 BALANCING LINKAGES 15.13 BALANCING OF MACHINES 15.14 REFERENCES PROBLEMS 16. Flywheels, Governors, and Gyroscopes 16.1 DYNAMIC THEORY OF FLYWHEELS 16.2 INTEGRATION TECHNIQUE 16.3 MULTI-CYLINDER ENGINE TORQUE SUMMATION 16.4 CLASSIFICATION OF GOVERNORS 16.5 CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNORS 16.6 INERTIA GOVERNORS 16.7 MECHANICAL CONTROL SYSTEMS 16.8 STANDARD INPUT FUNCTIONS 16.9 SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 16.10 ANALYSIS OF PROPORTIONAL-ERROR FEEDBACK SYSTEMS 16.11 INTRODUCTION TO GYROSCOPES 16.12 MOTION OF A GYROSCOPE 16.13 STEADY OR REGULAR PRECESSION 16.14 FORCED PRECESSION 16.15 REFERENCES PROBLEMS Appendixes A: Tables Table 1 Standard SI Prefixes Table 2 Conversion from US Customary Units to SI Units Table 3 Conversion from SI Units to US Customary Units Table 4 Properties of Areas Table 5 Mass Moments of Inertia Table 6 Involute Function B: Answers to Selected Problems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z companion website