Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2022: Proceedings of the ENTER 2022 eTourism Conference, January 11-14, 2022

Description

This open access book presents the proceedings of the International Federation for IT and Travel & Tourism (IFITT)’s 29th Annual International eTourism Conference, which assembles the latest research presented at the ENTER2022 conference, which will be held on January 11–14, 2022. The book provides an extensive overview of how information and communication technologies can be used to develop tourism and hospitality. It covers the latest research on various topics within the field, including augmented and virtual reality, website development, social media use, e-learning, big data, analytics, and recommendation systems. The readers will gain insights and ideas on how information and communication technologies can be used in tourism and hospitality. Academics working in the eTourism field, as well as students and practitioners, will find up-to-date information on the status of research. Preface Contents Technology Video Game Experiential Marketing in Tourism: Designing for Experiences Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Video Game and Video Game-Induced Tourism 2.2 Bridging Experience Design to Video Game-Induced Tourism 3 Methodology 3.1 Study Context: Assassin’s Creed Odyssey 3.2 Sample and Sampling Procedures 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Game World Dynamics 4.2 Level of Immersion 4.3 Level of Freedom 4.4 Connection to the Characters - Being ‘the Hero’ 4.5 Sense of Realism 4.6 General Perceptions and Intention to Visit Greece 5 Conclusions 5.1 Theoretical Contributions 5.2 Practical Implications 5.3 Limitations and Recommendations References Mixed Reality (MR) for Generation Z in Cultural Heritage Tourism Towards Metaverse Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Mixed Reality in Tourism 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 MR Usability Development at Cultural Heritage Sites 4.2 Participants’ Perspectives on Mixed Reality 4.3 Willingness to Use and Buy MR Services 5 The Future of Mixed Reality in Cultural Heritage Tourism References Virtual Reality: A Simple Substitute or New Niche? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Virtual Reality in Tourism 3 Literature Review 4 Methodology 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Conventional Tourism Models 5.2 Virtual Reality Tourism Models 6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Emergence and Rapid Popularization of Paid Web-Conferencing-Application-Based Tours in Japan: An Analysis of Their Business Potential Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Current State of Japan’s Tourism Industry 2 Theoretical Background 2.1 What is “Online Tour”? 2.2 Research Purpose 3 Research Methodology 3.1 Data Acquisition 3.2 Target Locations for Online Tours 3.3 Topic Model 4 Conclusion 4.1 General Discussion 4.2 Contribution, Limitation and Recommendations for Future Research References Users Versus Non-users: The Impact of Experience on Hotel Guests’ Attitudes Towards Service Robots in Hotels Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Review of Literature 2.1 Users Versus Non-users 3 Methodology 3.1 Sample and Data 3.2 Factor Analysis 3.3 Hypothesis Testing: The Impact of Utilization of Service Robots on Guests’ Attitudes. 4 Conclusion References Video Games as a Media for Tourism Experience Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Mental Imagery 2.2 Telepresence 2.3 Storytelling 2.4 Experience Economy Theory 3 Proposed Methodology 4 Potential Implications References Online Travel Planning for Families with a Child with a Disability Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Background 3 Theoretical Framework 4 Methodology 5 Results 6 Conclusion and Discussion References Leveraging Blockchain in Medical Tourism Value Chain Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Methodology 3 Findings and Discussions 3.1 Pre-procedural Phase 3.2 Procedural Phase 3.3 Post-procedural Phase 4 Conclusion References Social Media and User Generated Content “Better Not Let Me Know”: The Mediating Role of Regret on the Relation Between Social Comparison Discrepancy in Online Hotel Review and Revisit Intention Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review and Hypothesis 2.1 Feeling Regret and Intention to Visit a Hotel Again 2.2 Social Comparison and Online Review Viewing 3 Methodology 4 Analyses and Results 5 Discussion and Implications 6 Limitations and Future Research References Analysis of Instagram Users' Movement Pattern by Cluster Analysis and Association Rule Mining 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Extraction and Preparation 3.2 Clustering 3.3 Association Rule Mining 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Data Extraction and Visualization 4.2 Region-Level Association Rule Analysis 4.3 City-Level Association Rule Analysis 5 Conclusion and Outlook References Beyond Influencer Credibility: The Power of Content and Parasocial Relationship on Processing Social Media Influencer Destination Marketing Campaigns Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Social Media Influencers in Tourism and Destination Marketing 2.2 Hypothesis Development 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection and Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Descriptive Statistics 4.2 Measurement Model 4.3 Structural Model and Hypothesis Testing 5 Discussion 5.1 Theoretical and Practical Implications 5.2 Limitations and Future Studies References Management Response to Online Review: The Case of Hong Kong Luxury Hotels Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Method 4 Findings and Discussion 4.1 Characteristics of Management Responses 4.2 Response Style and Tone 5 Contributions and Managerial Implications 6 Limitations and Future Research Acknowledgement References The Usage of Emoji in Tourism-Related Instagram Posts: Suggestions from a Marketing Perspective Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review and Hypothesis Development 2.1 Emoji and Social Media 2.2 Emoji, Consumer Behaviour, and Purchase Intention 2.3 Instagram and Emoji in Tourism 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Demographic Profile of Respondents 4.2 The Influence of Emoji on Emotion, Travel Intention, and Engagement 4.3 Factors Influencing Travel Intention 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Destinations Navigation by Revealing Trade-offs for Content-Based Recommendations 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 A User Interface Concept for Revealing Trade-Offs 3.1 Domain Model 3.2 User Interaction 4 Algorithms 4.1 Cold-Start User Modeling 4.2 Candidate Selection Strategy 5 User-Centric Evaluation 5.1 Instantiation for the Domain 5.2 Online User Study 6 Results 7 Conclusions References Multisensory VR Experiences in Destination Management Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Experiences as Value Propositions 2.2 Technology Acceptance 2.3 Multisensory VR in Tourism 2.4 Brand Relationship Quality 2.5 Conceptual Framework 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Sample Description and Reliability Analysis 4.2 Test of Normality and Hypotheses 4.3 Further Correlation Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions and Implications Acknowledgments References Do DMOs Promote the Right Aspects of the Destination? A Study of Instagram Photography with a Visual Classifier Abstract 1 Introduction 2 State of the Art 3 Implementation of a Visual Classifier for Destination Image 4 Experiment 5 Conclusions References Personalization of Multi-day Round Trip Itineraries According to Travelers' Preferences 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Method 3.1 Calculating Coefficients and Scores Related to POIs 3.2 Clustering POIs into Multiple Days 3.3 Creating a Sequence of POIs for Each Day 3.4 Generating a User Interface to Present Itineraries 4 Offline Evaluation 4.1 Intensity Score of Routes 4.2 Diversity Score of Routes 5 User Study 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Destinations and Data State-of-the-Art in Switzerland and Liechtenstein Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Smart Tourism 2.2 Destinations and Data 3 Research Design 3.1 Case Studies 3.2 Data Collection 3.3 Sample 4 Results 4.1 Defining “Smart Destinations” 4.2 Dealing with Data 4.3 Integration within Decision-Making 4.4 Perceived Usefulness of Data-Related Practices 5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Identifying the Main Service Elements for Customer-Oriented Live Guided Virtual Tours Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 Virtual Tourism and Virtual Tours 2.2 Modelling Tourism Services 3 Research 3.1 Target Group and Data Collection 3.2 Data Analysis 4 Findings 4.1 Service Concept 4.2 Service Process 4.3 Service System 5 Conclusions and Discussion References Travel Incheon as a Metaverse: Smart Tourism Cities Development Case in Korea Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Smart Tourism City 2.2 Metaverse 2.3 Smart Tourism with Metaverse 3 Case Study 3.1 Real-Based Metaverse – ‘AR Incheon’ 3.2 Virtual-Based Metaverse – ‘Incheoncraft’ 4 Conclusion References CoViD-19 Communicating to Tourists During and Post-Covid-19: What Do They Want (Need) to Hear? Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Crisis and Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) 2.2 Crisis Communication in the Hospitality Industry 3 Methodology 4 Results 4.1 Descriptive Statistics Results 4.2 Hotel Official Facebook Comments – Frequency of SCCT Strategies 4.3 Hotel Facebook Comments and Sentiment Analysis 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion/Implications 7 Limitations/Future Studies References An Exploratory Study of Consumers’ Travel-Related Concerns About COVID-19 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Risk Perception 2.2 User-Generated Content 3 Method 3.1 Sample 3.2 Contribution of Sentiment Words 3.3 Popular Bigrams 3.4 Sector of Hospitality and Tourism 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Sentiment Contribution 5 Discussion and Conclusion References Building Resilient Smart Cities for Sustainable Urban Tourism in Africa Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Smart Cities and Smart Tourism Technologies/Destination 2.2 Resilient Smart Cities in Post-COVID-19 3 Methodology 4 Findings 4.1 Deployment of STTs in African Cities During COVID-19 4.2 STTs’ Effectiveness in Fostering Safe and Resilient Cities Amidst COVID-19 4.3 Implications of STTs in a Post-pandemic City Environment 5 Conclusion References Special Track on the Sharing Economy in Travel and Tourism: Experiences and Social Networking Identifying the Elements of Great Online Customer Encounters Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 2 Theoretical Framework 2.1 Customer Service Encounter 2.2 Online Service Encounters and Service Quality 3 Research 3.1 Target Group and Data Collection 3.2 Methodology 3.3 Findings 4 Discussion and Conclusions References Using Machine Learning Methods to Predict Demand for Bike Sharing Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 The Data 4 Methods 4.1 Algorithms 4.2 Feature Selection 4.3 Model Development 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Model Performance 5.2 Feature Importance 6 Conclusion References A Framework of Resilience for Peer-to-Peer Accommodation Hosts Under COVID-19 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Research Design 3.1 Conceptual Framework 3.2 Data Preparation and Preprocessing 4 Preliminary Results and Conclusion 5 Discussions, Limitations and Future Directions References Platform Stress in Hospitality – Focusing on the Technology dimension Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Platform Business and Its Complaints 2.2 Platform Stress in the Technology Dimension - Technostress 3 Research Model and Hypotheses Development 4 Research Methodology 4.1 Data Collection 4.2 Results 4.3 Mediating Effects 5 Conclusions References Window to the Destination: Tourists’ Local Experience via “Online Experiences” on Airbnb Amid the Pandemic Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Consumer Experience and Virtual Guided Tour 3 Methodology 4 Findings and Discussion 5 Implications 6 Limitations and Future Research References Special Track on Big Data and Smart Tourism Data-Supported CRM as a Lever for DMO Success: A Social Exchange Relationship Approach Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Building a Customer Database for CRM 2.1 Technological Aspects from the Supply Perspective 2.2 Behavioral Aspects from the Demand Perspective 3 Method 4 Results 4.1 Establishment of the Exchange Relationship 4.2 Design of the Exchange Relationship 5 Conclusion 6 Limitations and Implications References Towards a Strengths-Based Personal Informatics Framework for Transformative Tourism Experiences: A Phenomenological Study on Serious Leisure Practitioners Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 MMEs Through the Lens of Positive Psychology and Serious Leisure 2.2 Potential of Using Technology to Support MMEs 3 Research Methodologies and Methods 3.1 Sampling, Data Collection, and Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Different Roles of Character Strengths in the Generation of MMEs 4.2 Towards a Strengths-Based Personal Informatics Framework 5 Limitations and Future Research Direction References Destination Image of DMO and UGC on Instagram: A Machine-Learning Approach Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Data Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Comparison of the DMO and UGC Image Annotations 5 Comparison of the DMO and UGC Textual Image Description 6 Discussion 7 Conclusion References Topic Modelling of Tourist Dining Experiences Based on the GLOBE Model Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Tourist Dining Experience 2.2 Cultural Dimensions and Clusters 3 Methodology 3.1 Study Context 3.2 Data Collection, Pre-processing, and Analysis 4 Findings 4.1 Overview of the Topic Modelling Results 4.2 Topic Modelling Results per Cultural Cluster 5 Discussion 6 Conclusion References Content-Based Recommendations for Crags and Climbing Routes 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Climber and Route Profiling 3.1 Climbing Grade Prediction Model 4 Recommendations and GUI 5 Discussion and Conclusions References Understanding Preferences in Tourism Email Marketing Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Segmentation in Email Marketing 2.2 Personalization in Tourism 3 Research Method 4 Results 5 Discussion Acknowledgment References Using the Behaviour Change Wheel to Design an App to Change Tourist Behaviour and Increase Dispersal into Regional Areas Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 BCW Methodology 3 Results 3.1 Stage 1: Identify Tourists’ Behaviour 3.2 Stage 2: App Intervention Options 3.3 Stage 3: App Content 4 Discussion References Exploring “Planned Serendipity” and On-site Information Behavior on Smartphones Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Methodology 4 Findings 4.1 Flexible Plans 4.2 Orientation in Time and Space 4.3 Specificity of the Query 4.4 Aiming for Optimization 5 Discussion and Conclusions References Understanding Hotel Employees’ and Guests’ Perceptions of Smart Hotels Using Q Methodology Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 3 Expected Results and Contributions References Business Intelligence and the Public Management of Destinations: The View of DMOs Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Concept of Business Intelligence (BI) 2.2 BI and Decision-Making in Tourist Destinations 3 Methods 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Visualizing and Comparing Online Travel Reviews of the Great Walls: A Data Mining Approach Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Research Questions 1.2 Literature Review and the Premise 2 Data Preprocessing and Data Process Flow 3 MSTs and ThemeRivers for Mu Tianyu Great Wall and Ba Daling Great Wall 4 Summary and Managerial Suggestions References Special Track on Digital Education and Training in Tourism and Hospitality Analyzing Individual, Institutional, and Regional Contributions to E-tourism: The Case of ENTER Proceedings (1996–2021) Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Research Productivity Analysis 2.2 IT in Tourism Research 3 Methodology 4 Findings and Discussions 4.1 Distribution of Papers by Year 4.2 Research Contributions by Continent/Country/Region 4.3 Research Contributions by Individual Authors 4.4 Research Contributions by Institutes 5 Conclusions 5.1 Summary of the Study 5.2 Implications 5.3 Limitations and Future Studies Acknowledgement References eLearning for Tourism During COVID-19 - Learning from Students’ Perspectives. A Pilot Study Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Research Goals and Questions 4 Methodology 4.1 On the Sample Design and Conducting the Focus Groups 4.2 Analysis 5 Results 5.1 “Experiences” 5.2 “Human-Computer-Interplay” 5.3 Social Interactions 5.4 Studying Tourism 6 Conclusion, Limitations and Future Outlook Acknowledgement References An Empirical Study on the Impact of Prior Information Provision Methods on Participants’ Perceptions in Tasting Marketing Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Model 3 Methodology 4 Results 5 Discussion References Special Track on Travel in the Metaverse: The Future of Smart Tourism Cities How to Design Hotel Gamified Applications Effectively: Understanding the Motives of Users as Hotel Visitors Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Background 3 Methodology 4 Findings and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Escaping Loneliness Through Tourist-Chatbot Interactions Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 Chatbots and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 2.2 Loneliness 2.3 Anthropomorphism 2.4 User Anxiety 3 Methodology 3.1 Data Collection 3.2 Data Analysis 4 Results 4.1 Manifestation of Tourist Loneliness 4.2 Alleviating Loneliness: Anthropomorphism 4.3 Causing User Anxiety? A High Degree of Anthropomorphism 4.4 Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU) 4.5 Behavioral Intention to Use Travel Chatbots 5 Conclusion 6 Implications and Limitations References Exploring the Impact of Travel Vlogs on Prospect Tourists: A SOR Based Theoretical Framework Abstract 1 The Travel Vlog Phenomenon 2 The SOR Model and Its Applicability to Travel Vlog Research 2.1 Overview of the SOR Model 2.2 Applicability of the SOR Model to Travel Vlog Research 3 Development of a SOR Based Theoretical Framework 4 Conclusion References Monitoring Human-Wildlife Interactions in National Parks with Crowdsourced Data and Deep Learning Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Research Objectives and Methods 2.1 Object Detection 2.2 Automated Image Captioning for Classifying Visitor Behavior 2.3 Distance Calculation 3 Training Setup 4 Results 4.1 Objection Detection 4.2 Image Captioning 4.3 Distance Calculation Results 5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Exploring the Utilitarian and Hedonic Value Derived from Tourism Pre-experiences with Virtual Reality: Differences Between Destinations and Accommodations Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Impact of VR on Perceived Value 2.2 The Moderating Role of Product Type 3 Methodology 4 Expected Results and Discussion References Author Index