Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan

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Title Page Copyright Contents List of Boxes List of Figures List of Tables Preface Multiple editions Where is East Asia? Dating preferences Language issues Note on referencing Note on indexing Acknowledgments Dedication Chapter 1: Orientation Grounding Starting from the Yellow Sea Mainland geography The loesslands The Northern Zone Westward ho! Eastward bound North–south divisions National chronologies With or without writing? Prehistoric archaeology Protohistoric archaeology Historic archaeology East Asian cultural successions The Chinese sequence The Korean sequence The Japanese sequence Chapter 2: Archaeological Organization Archaeology as a government endeavor Japan Korea China East Asian archaeology since 1990 Science and theory Multiple archaeologies Cooperative projects Conferences Journals Chapter 3: The Earliest Inhabitants (2,000,000–40,000 years ago) The peopling of East Asia The first peopling, or Out of Africa What peoples? Habitats, habits and habitation Their tool kits Intermediate peoples The second peopling, or Out of Africa 2 How far east did Pleistocene hominins go, and when? Chapter 4: Innovations of Modern Humans (40,000–10,000 years ago) Modern peoples and their accoutrements Upper Palaeolithic climate and chronology New lithic strategies Significance of prepared-core technologies Blade varieties and assemblages What were they hunting? A mobile lifestyle Harbingers of the Neolithic Edge-ground axes Plant utilization Coastal living The invention of pottery Chapter 5: Earlier Holocene Subsistence Patterns (10,000–5000 years ago = 8000–3000 BC) Settling down Earliest villages Feedback loops between food and sedentism ‘In-between’ societies Exploiting Holocene forests The importance of nuts Timbers, houses and woodworking tools Living on Holocene shores Anatomy of a shellmound Fish stories Pen/Insular species management Jomon husbandry Chulmun husbandry Mainland cereal growers Northern millet cultures Southern rice culture Mainland broad-ranging subsistence Food studies Proportional food resources Isotope analyses Chapter 6: The Mid-Holocene Social Mosaic (5000–2000 BC) Introduction The Middle Jomon phenomenon A regional exchange network Core villages The Loesslands tradition Yangshao villages Loesslands pottery The East Coast tradition Dawenkou villages East Coast ceramics The Hongshan enigma Dimensions of social status Gender distinctions Ritualists Social hierarchies The importance of commensality Summary Chapter 7: Emergence and Decline of Late Neolithic Societies (3300–1900 BC) Introduction Periodization Agriculture, monumental architecture and social stratification What is a state? Urbanizing settlements Of walls and terraces Southern powerhouse: Liangzhu site complex Intermontane Taosi Liangchengzhen, Eastern Longshan Quick comparisons Site hierarchies Central Plain polity development Walled settlements Sacrificial interments Settlement system The dramatic end of the Late Neolithic The opening of the steppes The western and central steppes From west to east Establishment of the Early Metal Province Chapter 8: Bronze Age Beginnings (2000–850 BC) Bronze Age time span Bronze and agro-pastoralism Qijia and Siba cultures Zhukaigou Lower Xiajiadian Bronze and Erlitou The Erlitou site (1850–1550 BC) Erlitou culture and polity Significance of Erlitou bronze vessels The Shang bronze tradition Shang bronzes Southern bronze cultures Lower and Middle Yangzi Sichuan Basin: Sanxingdui The Northern Bronze Complex In conclusion Chapter 9: Early State Florescence (1500–770 BC) Dynastic successions Was Erlitou the Xia capital? Early, Middle and Late Shang Royal Zhou Early inscriptions Shang state organization Shang capitals The late great capital of Yinxu Territorial expansion Political organization Royal Zhou and enfeoffments Zhou in the Zhouyuan Early Zhou socio-political organization Yan – a royal enfeoffment Early Zhou architectural contributions Sacrifice and warfare Sacrifice at altar and tomb Of horses and chariots Early state overview Chapter 10: Eastern Zhou and Its Frontiers (1st millennium BC) Eastern Zhou (771–221 BC) State autonomy Warfare tactics Zhou and ‘non-Zhou’ identity formation From huaxia to Han Peripheral origins Zhou border states The eastern state of Qi The southern state of Chu Qin to the west Jin in the northwest Commercial endeavors Bronzes: deterioriations and advances Iron: the beginning of an industry Salt A cash economy The Northern Zone From Rong and Di to hu Northern signifiers: animal art and gold Chapter 11: Pen/Insular Rice, Bronze and Iron (1300–200 BC) Contributions from the China Mainland Upper Xiajiadian Yueshi culture Establishing Mumun culture Transmission of rice farming Dolmen and cist burials Final addition of bronzes to the funerary goods Middle Mumun (850–550 BC) settlement and society Taepyong-ri site Komdan-ri site Songguk-ri site Late Mumun / Early Iron Age transitions (500–200 BC) The Slender Bronze Dagger culture Arrival of iron From Jomon to Yayoi Yayoi beginnings Yayoi expansion Craft advancements Jomon resistance to wet-rice agriculture Chapter 12: The Making and Breaking of Empire (350 BC–500 AD) Qin, the Unifier Warring states reforms United China The Han Dynasty Establishment of unified rule Imperial capitals Han burial innovations Roads as arteries to the empire Road to the west Road to the south Continuing northern border problems Northeastern relations Turmoil at the end of Han Fragmentation of the empire Succeeding polities Chapter 13: The Yellow Sea Interaction Sphere (400 BC – 300 AD) Trade and tribute relations Meeting the Hui and Mo Han domination Northeastern horse-riders Puyo in the central Manchurian Basin Early Koguryo in the eastern Manchurian massif The Lelang commandery Commandery sites Relations with Shandong and Liaodong Lelang tombs From Gongsun to Wei rule The Samhan of the southern Korean Peninsula Commandery connections Ceramic advancements Iron production From the Three Han to the Three Kingdoms Yayoi bronze cultures Renewed continental connections North Kyushu continental gateway Chapter 14: Mounded Tomb Cultures (2–5c AD) Pen/Insular state formation On the Peninsula Koguryo and Paekche origins Kaya and Silla origins In the Islands From mound-burials to mounded tombs Daifang and Queen Himiko Kofun bunka: the mounded tomb culture (MTC) of Japan Early state relations Warfare Writing New tombs and art Corridor-chamber tombs Mural tombs Expansion of Silla and Yamato Administrative incorporation by Yamato Military conquest by Silla Chapter 15: East Asian Civilization (3–7c AD) Rapid transformations On the Mainland In the Pen/Insulae Buddhism Buddhist grottoes Pen/Insular Buddhism Temple excavations Law and administration: a Yamato case study Territorial control Gridded cities Provincial systems A new field system Taxation Technological developments Cosmopolitan lifestyles Chapter 16: Epilogue: Ancient East Asia in the Modern World Why study East Asian archaeology? Sharing of religious philosophies Friction dating to earlier times The problem with Mimana Keyhole tombs in Korea Koguryo split between two states The importance of national heritage Appendices Appendix A: Scientific dating Appendix B: List of abbreviations Appendix C: Language issues: pronunciation and alternative spellings Appendix D: Institutional histories 1092–2014 Appendix E: Palaeolithic finds on the China Mainland E.1 Early Palaeolithic, Early Pleistocene E.2 Early Palaeolithic, Middle Pleistocene E.3 Fossil hominins from the Late Pleistocene Appendix F: Succession of lithic technologies in Upper Palaeolithic Japan Appendix G: Major domestic species in East Asia G.1 Domestication of species G.2 Domesticates from the west Appendix H: Household and sector structure and production data from two Mainland Neolithic sites H.1 Jiangzhai H.2 Fushanzhuang Appendix I: Liangzhu burial data I.1 Early Liangzhu burials I.2 Middle Liangzhu burials Appendix J: Evidence of early metallurgical production Appendix K: Features of Northern Zone cultures in the Zhou period K.1 Types I and II material cultures K.2 Upper Xiajiadian and the Northeast (Manchurian Basin) K.3 Northern Frontier art, divided into Early (9–4c BC) and Late (after 4c BC) Appendix L: Analysis of burial goods in several tomb types during the Lelang period Endnotes Sources for Illustrations and Box and Table data Bibliography