Routledge Handbook of NGOs and International Relations

Description

Offering insights from pioneering new perspectives in addition to well-established traditions of research, this Handbook considers the activities not only of advocacy groups in the environmental, feminist, human rights, humanitarian, and peace sectors, but also the array of religious, professional, and business associations that make up the wider non-governmental organization (NGO) community. Including perspectives from multiple world regions, the book takes account of institutions in the Global South, alongside better-known structures of the Global North. International contributors from a range of disciplines cover all the major aspects of research into NGOs in International Relations to present. Cover Half Title Praise Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of figures List of tables List of contributors Foreword by Peter Willetts References Acknowledgements Introducing NGOs and International Relations Introducing NGOs NGOs and International Relations NGOs’ structures and networks The influence and interactions of NGOs The wide array of issue-areas Contemporary challenges The structure of this volume The prospects for further research References Part I: History and contributions Chapter 1: The emergence of NGOs as actors on the world stage The creation of NGOs at the UN charter conference The emergence of global civil society in the nineteenth century Periods and trends of the ‘NGO world’ References Chapter 2: NGOs’ interactions with states States and NGOs in international relations (IR) Patterns of interaction Factors shaping NGO–state relations Influence Conclusion Note References Chapter 3: NGOs in global governance Introduction Observing NGOs in global governance Explaining variation in institutional design Understanding NGOs in global governance Conclusion Note References Chapter 4: Transnational non-state politics Introduction Advocacy bypassing the state Transnational service provision Transnational governance Transnational order Critiques Conclusion References Part II: Theory and analysis Chapter 5:Constituting NGOs Introduction Norms and representation constitute NGOs National origin constitutes NGOs State interests constitute NGOs Stakeholder accountability constitutes NGOs Position in the NGO hierarchy constitutes NGOs Macro-historical waves constitute NGOs Hegemonic power structures constitute NGOs Towards a synthesis – practices and partners constitute NGOs Conclusion: a degree of disenthrallment Notes References Chapter 6: Rationalist explanations for NGOs Introduction The rationalist approach to NGOs Rationalist explanations for NGO nature and behavior Rationalist explanations for the influence of NGOs Limitations and merits of rationalist explanations for NGOs Conclusion Notes References Chapter 7: NGOs and post-positivism: two likely friends? Post-positivism: why and in what way ‘post’? From the periphery to the center: establishing NGOs as a relevant subject of analysis From demonstrating NGO impact and influence toproblematizing the actors From NGOs as actors to NGOs as structures Conclusion References Chapter 8: NGOs in constructivist international relations theory The constitution of the modern international system Sovereignty, collective identity, and public authority The creation of NGOs as a residual category Global and transnational paradigms Critical perspectives of systemic collusion Communicative and agonistic syntheses? Conclusion Notes References Chapter 9: The aesthetic politics of NGOs Introduction Challenging prevailing wisdoms: ‘the aesthetic turn’ in IR Emotion and representation in the image-making practices of NGOs Conclusion References Chapter 10: NGOs and social movement theory Introduction Resource mobilisation theory: the how Framing theory: bridging the how and why Political opportunities: the where and the when New social movement theory: the why Conclusion References Chapter 11: International NGOs in development studies Understanding development NGOs Conceptualising development NGOs in international relations International development theories Conceptualising development NGOs Conclusion Notes References Chapter 12: NGOs and management studies Introduction NGOs as reluctant managers The past: debates around NGOs and management Conceptualising NGOs and management The future: what can the study of NGOs teach management science? Conclusion References Chapter 13: NGOs in international law: reconsidering personality and participation (again) 1. Introduction 2. The politics of international legal personality: legal positivism and its counter-narratives 3. Participation and its legal implications: moving beyond a socio-legal conception 4. Concluding remarks Note References Chapter 14: Voluntaristics: global research on NGOs and the non-profit sector Terminology History of voluntaristics Voluntaristics as an organized field Current global structure of voluntaristics Voluntaristics as an emergent academic discipline Usable knowledge for NGOs from voluntaristics Conclusion References Chapter 15: Primary data on NGOs: pushing the bounds of present possibilities Current quantitative NGO research The challenges of quantitative NGO research Promise for moving the NGO data possibility frontier forward International NGO database Notes References Part III: Issue-areas and sectors Chapter 16: Feminist politics and NGO mobilization: can NGOs degender global governance? Conceptualizing feminist organizing through NGOs Debating NGOization Changing the global governance of gender The gains and costs of feminist NGO organizing against VAW Conclusion Notes References Chapter 17: NGOs and labour Early transnational advocacy networks Workers’ protest and social ideas The First International of 1864 The Second International’s national orientation (1889–1914) The International Association for Labour Legislation (1900) The tripartite International Labour Organization of 1919 International women’s NGOs and labour Labour in the non-Western world Uniting workers with different skin colours The Cold War and after Transnational labour networks Labour and NGOs: conclusion References Chapter 18: NGOs and human rights Defining human rights NGOs Theoretical perspectives Universalism vs. cultural relativism Tactics and strategies of human rights NGOs Influence of human rights NGOs Contemporary challenges for human rights NGOs Conclusion Notes References Chapter 19: Humanitarian NGOs Defining humanitarianism and NGOs Historical and political context Types of humanitarian NGOs Portraits of selected NGOs Inside the black box – how do humanitarian NGOs work? Not-so-distant suffering Conclusions References Chapter 20:Five generations of NGOs in education: from humanitarianism to global capitalism Introduction Five generations of NGOs Co-opted by global, platform capital: the PAL Network Resisting neoliberalism in education: Education International Conclusion Note References Chapter 21: The roles of the citizen sector in health and public health The role of NGOs and CBOs – the role of the citizen sector Citizen sector’s expanding roles in health and public health The way forward: cross-sector partnerships, problem solving, coordination, and cooperation In summary Note References Chapter 22: NGOs and peace 1945–1960s: elite lobbying and the rise of antinuclear NGOs The anti-Vietnam War movement: between respectability and radical politics 1970–1989: weapons politics under Cold War constraints After the Cold War: norm-building without the great powers Conclusion Notes References Chapter 23: NGOs and the environment Introduction A history of global environmental governance and the roles of NGOs therein Similarities and differences between NGOs in global environmental governance NGOs in global climate change governance NGOs in climate diplomacy and beyond Conclusion Notes References Chatper 24: Civil society, expert communities, and private standards Introduction Standardisation, legitimacy, and civil society: a typology Engineers, industrialists, and diplomats: the (re)organisation of technical governance Beyond NGOs? Multi-stakeholder standards and ‘communities of governance’ Conclusion Notes References Chapter 25: An uncomfortable relationship: NGOs, trade associations, and the development of industry self-regulation Introduction Emerging relationships between NGOs and business The nature of trade associations Firm–NGO collective action through trade associations Trade associations and NGOs: the concept of industry self-regulation Conclusions References Chapter 26: NGOs and global trade Introduction What the literature says A typology of NGOs in global trade Conclusion Notes References Chapter 27: NGOs and professions Introduction Professional associations Self-regulating bodies International professional associations Contemporary challenges Conclusion Funding References Chapter 28: Religiously affiliated NGOs 1. Introduction: a new and controversial field of analysis 2. Complex construction of NGOs and religions 3. Major topoi of the present-day debates 4. Networks of RINGOs in the context of the UN 5. Significance of the analysis of religiously affiliated NGOs Acknowledgements Notes References Part IV: Regional perspectives Chapter 29: Transnational NGOs in the United States The US environment Accountability architecture: legal and cultural context Sectoral and organizational attributes Conclusion Notes References Chapter 30: NGOs in the European Union Introduction NGOs in Brussels NGOs in the political system of the European Union NGO activities in Brussels Outlook and critique Notes References Chapter 31: The non-profit sector in Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia Approaches and terminology The geographic scope and its significance The state of knowledge about the NPS in the EERCA region Distinctiveness of the NPS in the EERCA region Impact of the communist past on the post-Soviet NPS in the EERCA region The broader significance of research from the EERCA region Note References Chapter 32: NGOs in East and Southeast Asia Introduction The legal context for NGOs and transnational networks NGOs and transnational movements A comparison of NGOs in China and Southeast Asia Conclusions References Chapter 33: NGOs, democracy and development in Latin America Civil society and NGOs as contentious conceptual objects Origins and development of modern NGOs in Latin America NGOs and the struggles for democracy and human rights Governance, accountability and trust Peacebuilding and regional integration NGOs and the Washington Consensus Funding patterns and the reshaping of civil society Policymaking and advocacy networks Preliminary conclusions on the impact and value of Latin American NGOs Notes References Chapter 34: Civil societies and NGOs in the Middle East and North Africa: the cases of Egypt and Tunisia Egyptian civil society and the renewal of authoritarianism in the name of the war on Islamic terror Civil society and the “historic compromise” issue in Tunisia Conclusion Notes References Chapter 35: NGOs in sub-Saharan Africa: potentials, constraints and diverging experiences Introduction Civil society in sub-Saharan Africa Different origins of African NGOs Regional experiences The importance of context Crowding out Concluding remarks Notes References Chapter 36: NGOs in South Asia Introduction Overview India Bangladesh Pakistan Sri Lanka Nepal and Bhutan Conclusion Note References Part V: Contemporary challenges Chapter 37: Democracy and NGOs Democracy promotion and NGOs: historical context NGOs and democracy assistance NGOs and democracy benchmarks NGOs and democracy within global governance institutions Conclusion Notes References Chapter 38: NGOs and authoritarianism Authoritarian institutions NGOs and authoritarian institutions International NGOs and legal restrictions on civil society Conclusion Notes References Chapter 39: NGOs and security in conflict zones Understanding the changing nature of security and conflicts: a theoretical overview NGOs in the humanitarian system: issues and practices NGOs and security in conflict zones: actual trends and practical implications Crucial actors in a changing world Notes References Chatper 40: NGOs and the challenge of global terrorism Introduction Global terrorism today NGOs and terrorism NGOs and counterterrorism Concluding remarks Notes References Chatper 41: International NGO legitimacy: challenges and responses Introduction The link between INGO legitimacy and purpose The “4 Ps”: legitimacy dimensions INGO legitimacy challenges: purpose, process, performance, people INGO responses to legitimacy challenges Conclusions References Chapter 42: NGO accountability NGO accountability Upwards accountability Downwards accountability Internal accountability Horizontal accountability Conclusion References Index