Green Energy: Solar Energy, Photovoltaics, and Smart Cities

Description

Like most industries around the world, the energy industry has also made, and continues to make, a long march toward “green” energy.  The science has come a long way since the 1970s, and renewable energy and other green technologies are becoming more and more common, replacing fossil fuels.  It is, however, still a struggle, both in terms of energy sources keeping up with demand, and the development of useful technologies in this area. To maintain the supply for electrical energy, researchers, engineers and other professionals in industry are continuously exploring new eco-friendly energy technologies and power electronics, such as solar, wind, tidal, wave, bioenergy, and fuel cells. These technologies have changed the concepts of thermal, hydro and nuclear energy resources by the adaption of power electronics advancement and revolutionary development in lower manufacturing cost for semiconductors with long time reliability. The latest developments in renewable resources have proved their potential to boost the economy of any country. Green energy technology has not only proved the concept of clean energy but also reduces the dependencies on fossil fuel for electricity generation through smart power electronics integration. Also, endless resources have more potential to cope with the requirements of smart building and smart city concepts.  A valuable reference for engineers, scientists, chemists, and students, this volume is applicable to many different fields, across many different industries, at all levels.  It is a must-have for any library. Cover Half-Title Page Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface 1 Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Solar Cell: Part I 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Introduction to Si-Based Fabrication Technology 1.1.2 Introduction to Si Wafer 1.1.3 Introduction to Diode Physics 1.2 Fabrication Technology of Diode 1.3 Energy Production by Equivalent Cell Circuitry 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Solar Cell: Part II 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Silicon Solar Cell Technologies 2.2.1 Crystalline Structured Silicon (c-Si) 2.2.2 Silicon-Based Thin-Film PV Cell 2.3 Homojunction Silicon Solar Cells 2.3.1 Classic Structure and Manufacture Process 2.3.2 Plans for High Productivity 2.4 Solar Si-Heterojunction Cell 2.5 Si Thin-Film PV Cells 2.5.1 PV Cell Development Based on p-I-n and n-I-p 2.5.2 Light-Based Trapping Methodologies 2.5.3 Approach to Tandem 2.5.4 Current Trends 2.6 Perovskite Solar Cells 2.6.1 Introduction 2.6.2 Specific Properties with Perovskites-Based Metaldhalide for Photovoltaics 2.6.3 Crystallization of Perovskite 2.6.4 Current Trends 2.7 Future Possibility and Difficulties 2.8 Conclusions References 3 Fabrication and Manufacturing Process of Perovskite Solar Cell 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Architectures of Perovskite Solar Cells 3.3 Working Principle of Perovskite Solar Cell 3.4 Components of Perovskite Solar Cell 3.4.1 Transparent Conducting Metal Oxide (TCO) Layer 3.4.2 Electron Transport Layer (ETL) 3.4.3 Perovskite Layer 3.4.4 Hole Transport Layer (HTL) 3.4.5 Electrodes 3.5 Fabrication of Perovskite Films 3.5.1 One-Step Method 3.5.2 Two-Step Method 3.5.3 Solid-State Method 3.5.4 Bifacial Stamping Method 3.5.5 Solvent-Solvent Extraction Method 3.5.6 Pulse Laser Deposition Method 3.5.7 Vapor Deposition Method 3.5.8 Solvent Engineering 3.5.9 Additive Engineering 3.6 Manufacturing Techniques of Perovskite Solar Cells 3.6.1 Solution-Based Manufacturing Technique 3.6.2 Roll-to-Roll (R2R) Process 3.7 Encapsulation 3.8 Conclusions References 4 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells: A State-of-the-Art Review with Metaheuristic Approaches and Future Recommendations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Related Works 4.3 Problem Formulation 4.3.1 Single-Diode Model (SDM) 4.3.2 Double-Diode Model (DDM) 4.3.3 Three-Diode Model (TDM) 4.4 Salient Simulations and Discussions for Future Work 4.5 Conclusions References 5 Power Electronics and Solar Panel: Solar Panel Design and Implementation 5.1 Chapter Overview 5.2 Challenges in Solar Power 5.3 Solar PV Cell Design and Implementation 5.3.1 Solar PV Cell Basics 5.3.2 Single-Diode-Based PV Cells (SDPVCs) 5.3.3 Determination of the Parameters 5.3.4 Double-Diode-Based PV Cell (DDPVC) 5.3.5 Solar PV System Configuration 5.4 MPPT Scheme for PV Panels 5.4.1 Operation and Modeling of MPPT Schemes for Solar PV Panels 5.4.2 Comparisons of Existing Solar MPPT Schemes 5.5 Way for Utilization of PV Schemes 5.5.1 Stand-Alone (SA) Based PV System 5.5.2 Grid-Integration–Based PV System 5.6 Future Trends 5.7 Conclusion References 6 An Effective Li-Ion Battery State of Health Estimation Based on Event-Driven Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background and Literature Review 6.2.1 Rechargeable Batteries 6.2.2 Applications of Li-Ion Batteries 6.2.3 Battery Management Systems 6.2.4 State of Health Estimation Methods 6.3 The Proposed Approach 6.3.1 The Li-Ion Battery Model 6.3.2 The Event-Driven Sensing 6.3.3 The Event-Driven State of Health Estimation 6.3.4 The Evaluation Measures 6.4 Experimental Results and Discussion 6.4.1 Experimental Results 6.4.2 Discussion 6.5 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 7 Effective Power Quality Disturbances Identification Based on Event-Driven Processing and Machine Learning 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Background and Literature Review 7.2.1 Types of PQ Disturbances 7.2.2 Reasons for Generation of the PQ Disturbances 7.2.3 PQ Disturbances Monitoring Techniques 7.2.4 Facilities Effected by Power Quality Disturbances 7.2.5 Power Quality (PQ) Disturbances Model 7.2.6 Extraction of Features 7.2.7 Classification Techniques 7.3 Proposed Solution 7.3.1 Power Quality (PQ) Disturbances Model 7.3.2 The Signal Reconstruction 7.3.3 The Event-Driven Sensing 7.3.4 The Event-Driven Segmentation 7.3.5 Extraction of Features 7.3.6 Classification Techniques 7.3.7 Evaluation Measures 7.4 Results 7.5 Discussion 7.6 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 8 Sr2SnO4 Ruddlesden Popper Oxide: Future Material for Renewable Energy Applications 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Needs of Renewable Energy 8.1.2 Ruddlesden Popper Oxide Phase 8.1.3 Application of Ruddlesden Popper Phase 8.1.4 Motivation of Present Work 8.2 Experimental Work 8.2.1 Preparation of Materials 8.2.2 Characterizations of Materials 8.3 Experimental Results 8.3.1 Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis 8.3.2 Characterization of Sr2-xBaxSnO4 8.3.3 Characterization of Sr2-xLaxSnO4 8.4 Conclusions Acknowledgement References 9 A Universal Approach to Solar Photovoltaic Panel Modeling 9.1 Introduction 9.2 PV Panel Modeling: A Brief Overview 9.3 Proposed Model 9.4 Current Model 9.5 Voltage Model 9.6 Simulation Results 9.7 Conclusion Acknowledgement References 10 Stepped DC Link Converters for Solar Power Applications 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Photovoltaic Cell 10.1.2 Photovoltaic Module 10.1.3 Photovoltaic Array 10.1.4 Working of Solar Cell 10.1.5 Modeling of Solar Cell 10.1.6 Effect of Irradiance 10.1.7 Effect of Temperature 10.1.8 Maximum Efficiency 10.1.9 Fill Factor 10.1.10 Modeling of Solar Panel 10.1.11 Simulation Model of PV Interfaced Boost Chopper Unit 10.2 Power Converters for Solar Power Applications 10.2.1 Introduction 10.2.2 DC-DC Converters 10.2.3 DC-AC Converters 10.2.4 Structure of Single-Phase Seven-Level BCDCLHBI 10.2.5 Realization of Boost Cascaded Dc Link H-Bridge Inverter 10.2.6 Conclusion References 11 A Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO)– Based Parameter Assessment for Modified Two-Diode Model of Solar Cells 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Problem Formulation 11.3 Proposed Methodology of Work 11.3.1 Exploration Phase 11.3.2 Switching from Exploration to Exploitation 11.3.3 Exploitation Phase 11.4 Simulation Results 11.5 Conclusions References 12 A Large-Gain Continuous Input-Current DC-DC Converter Applicable for Solar Energy Systems 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Proposed Configuration 12.3 Steady-State Analysis 12.4 Component Design 12.5 Real Gain Relation 12.6 Comparative Analysis 12.7 Simulation Outcomes 12.8 Conclusions References 13 Stability Issues in Microgrids: A Review 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Stability Issues 13.2.1 Control System Stability 13.2.2 Power Supply and Balance Stability 13.3 Analysis Techniques 13.3.1 Large-Perturbation Stability 13.3.2 Small-Perturbation Stability 13.4 Microgrid Control System 13.4.1 Control Methods for AC Microgrids 13.4.2 Control Methods for DC Microgrid 13.5 Conclusion References 14 Theoretical Analysis of Torque Ripple Reduction in the SPMSM Drives Using PWM Control-Based Variable Switching Frequency 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Prediction of Current and Torque Ripples 14.2.1 Current Ripple Prediction 14.2.2 Torque Ripple Prediction 14.3 Variable Switching Frequency PWM (VSFPWM) Method for Torque Ripple Control 14.4 Conclusion References Appendix: Simulation Model Circuits Main Model Speed & Current Loop Controllers VSFPWM for Torque Ripple Control 15 Energy-Efficient System for Smart Cities 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Factors Promoting Energy-Efficient System 15.2.1 Smart and Clean Energy 15.2.2 Smart Grid 15.2.3 Smart Infrastructure 15.2.4 Smart Home 15.2.5 Smart Surveillance 15.2.6 Smart Roads and Traffic Management 15.2.7 Smart Agriculture and Water Distribution References 16 Assessment of Economic and Environmental Impacts of Energy Conservation Strategies in a University Campus 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Materials and Methods 16.2.1 Study Location 16.2.2 Instrumentation 16.2.3 Procedure for Data Collection and Analysis 16.2.4 Analysis of Electrical Energy Consumption 16.2.5 Economic Analysis 16.2.6 Environmental Impacts Analysis 16.3 Electricity Consumption Pattern in Covenant University 16.3.1 Result of Electricity Demand in Covenant University for Various End Uses 16.3.2 Comparison of Energy Use Among the University Buildings 16.3.3 Results of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 16.3.4 Qualitative Recommendation Analysis 16.4 Conclusion References 17 A Solar Energy–Based Multi-Level Inverter Structure with Enhanced Output-Voltage Quality and Increased Levels per Components 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Proposed Basic Topology 17.2.1 Topology of Basic Unit 17.2.2 Operation of Basic Configuration 17.2.3 Switching of Basic Unit for Different Magnitudes of Input Sources 17.3 Proposed Extended Structure 17.3.1 Structure 17.3.2 Determination of Values of DC Supplies 17.3.3 Blocking Voltage (BV) on Switches 17.4 Efficiency and Losses Analysis in Suggested Structure 17.4.1 Conduction Power Loss 17.4.2 Switching Power Loss 17.5 Comparison Results 17.6 Nearest Level Technique 17.7 Simulation Results 17.8 Conclusions References 18 Operations of Doubly Fed Induction Generators Applied in Green Energy Systems 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) Systems Operated by Wind Turbines 18.3 Control Scheme of Direct Current Controller 18.4 Simulation Studies of Direct Current Control of DFIG System 18.5 Characteristics of DFIG at Transient and After Transient Situation 18.6 Pulsation of DFIG Parameters with DCC Control Technique 18.7 Effects of 5th and 7th Harmonics of IS and VGRID 18.8 Load Contribution of DFIG in Grid with DCC Control Technique 18.9 Speed Control Scheme of Generators 18.10 DFIG Control Scheme 18.11 General Description About PI Controller Design 18.12 GSC Controller 18.13 Characteristics of DFIG with Wind Speed Variations 18.14 Conclusion References 19 A Developed Large Boosting Factor DC-DC Converter Feasible for Photovoltaic Applications 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Suggested Topology 19.2.1 Configuration 19.2.2 Operating Modes during CCM 19.2.3 Operating Modes during DCM 19.3 Steady State Analyses 19.3.1 Gain Calculation 19.3.2 Average Currents and Current Ripple of Inductors 19.3.3 Stress on Semiconductors 19.3.4 Efficiency 19.4 Design Consideration 19.4.1 Design Consideration of Capacitors 19.4.2 Design Consideration of Inductors 19.5 Comparison 19.6 Simulation 19.7 Conclusion References 20 Photovoltaic-Based Switched-Capacitor Multi-Level Inverters with Self-Voltage Balancing and Step-Up Capabilities 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Suggested First (13-Level) Basic Configuration 20.3 Suggested Second Basic Configuration 20.4 Modulation Method 20.5 Design Consideration of Capacitors 20.6 Efficiency and Losses Analysis 20.7 Simulation Results 20.7.1 First Structure 20.7.2 Second Structure 20.8 Comparative Analysis 20.9 Conclusions References Index Also of Interest EULA