Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks

Description

Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks A detailed view on the effects of seismic activity on tank structures As the use of above-ground and underground storage tanks (ASTs and USTs) continues to grow—with approximately 545,000 in the USA alone—the greatest threat to ASTs and USTs is earthquakes, causing the contamination of groundwater, a vital source of drinking water throughout the world. These tanks suffer a great deal of strain during an earthquake, as a complicated pattern of stress affects them, such that poorly designed tanks have leaked, buckled, or even collapsed during seismic events. Furthermore, in oil and gas industrial plants, the risk of damage is even more critical due to the effects of explosion, collapse, and air or soil contamination by chemical fluid spillages. Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks provides the first in-depth discussion of the principles and applications of shell structure design and earthquake engineering analyses focused on tank structures, and it explains how these methodologies can help prevent the destruction of ASTs and USTs during earthquakes. Providing a thorough examination of the design, analysis, and performance of steel, reinforced concrete, and precast tanks, this book takes a look at tanks that are above-ground, underground, or elevated, anchored and unanchored, and rigid or flexible, and evaluates the efficacy of each method during times of seismic shaking—and it does so without getting bogged down in impenetrable mathematics and theory. Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks readers will also find: A global approach to the best analytical and practical solutions available in each region:discussion of the latest US codes and standards from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ACSE 7), the American Concrete Institute (ACI 350,3, 371.R), the American Water Works Association (AWWA D100, D110, D115), and the American Petroleum Institute (API 650)an overview of the European codes and standards, including Eurocode 8-4 and CEN-EN 14015Hundreds of step-by-step equations, accompanied by illustrationsPhotographs illustrating real-world damage to tanks caused by seismic events Perfect for practising structural engineers, geotechnical engineers, civil engineers, and engineers of all kinds who are responsible for the design, analysis, and performance of tanks and their foundations—as well as students studying engineering—Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks is a landmark text, the first work of its kind to deal with the seismic engineering performance of all types of storage tanks. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Appealing Shell Structures 1.1 Beams and Arches 1.2 Plates and Vaults 1.3 Rectangular and Cylindrical Tanks 1.4 Seismic Behaviour of Tanks 1.5 Field Observation of Damage to Tanks Induced by Seismic Events 1.6 Design Considerations 1.7 A Simplified Description of the Seismic Response of Tanks 1.8 Discussion of the Existing Codes 1.9 Structure of the Book Chapter 2 Above‐Ground Anchored Rigid Tanks 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Vertical Cylindrical Tanks Fully Anchored at the Base 2.2.1 Impulsive Pressure Component 2.2.2 Convective Pressure Component 2.2.3 Effects of Vertical Component of the Seismic Action 2.2.4 Effects of Tank Inertia 2.2.5 Periods of Vibration 2.2.6 Effects of Liquid Viscosity 2.2.7 Effects of Inhomogeneous Liquids 2.2.8 Convective Wave Displacement and Pressure 2.2.9 Combination of Pressures and Behaviour Factor 2.2.10 Tank Forces and Stresses 2.2.11 Effects of Rocking Motion 2.3 Rectangular Tanks Fully Anchored at the Base 2.3.1 Impulsive and Convective Pressure Components 2.3.2 Periods of Vibration 2.3.3 Convective Wave Displacement 2.3.4 Tank Forces and Stresses Chapter 3 Above‐Ground Unanchored Rigid Tanks 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Vertical Cylindrical Tanks 3.2.1 Axial Membrane Stress in a Shell Wall 3.2.2 Shell Uplift 3.2.3 Radial Membrane Stress at Base 3.2.4 Plastic Rotation at Base 3.3 Rectangular Tanks Chapter 4 Elevated Tanks 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Frame Elevated Tanks 4.1.2 Axisymmetrical Tanks 4.1.3 Composite Elevated Tanks 4.2 Single Lumped‐Mass Model 4.3 Two Uncoupled Mass Model 4.4 Two Coupled Masses Model Chapter 5 Flexible Tanks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Impulsive Pressure Component 5.2.1 Vertical Cylindrical Tanks 5.2.2 Rectangular Tanks 5.3 Effects of the Vertical Component of the Seismic Action 5.4 Periods of Vibration 5.5 Combination of Pressures 5.6 Tank Forces and Stresses 5.6.1 Vertical Cylindrical Tanks 5.6.2 Rectangular Tanks 5.7 Effects of Rocking Motion Chapter 6 Other Peculiar Principles 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Effects of Soil–Structure Interaction 6.3 Flow‐Dampening Devices 6.4 Base‐Isolation Devices 6.5 Underground Rigid Tanks 6.6 Horizontal Tanks 6.7 Conical Tanks Chapter 7 General Design Principles 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Requirements for Steel Tanks 7.2.1 Base Plate 7.2.2 Sidewall 7.2.3 Openings 7.2.4 Roof 7.2.5 Foundation 7.2.6 Stiffeners 7.2.7 Rings 7.2.7.1 In‐Plane Buckling of Isolated Ring 7.2.7.2 Out‐of‐Plane Buckling of Isolated Ring 7.2.7.3 Buckling of a Light Ring‐Stiffened Cylindrical Wall: Limiting Stiffness 7.2.7.4 Buckling of a Light Ring‐Stiffened Cylindrical Wall: Flexural Buckling of the Ring Stiffeners 7.2.7.5 Buckling of Light Ring‐Stiffened Cylindrical Wall: Shell Wall Local Buckling 7.2.7.6 Buckling of a Light Ring‐Stiffened Cylindrical Wall: Ring Local Buckling 7.2.7.7 Buckling of a Light Ring‐Stiffened Cylindrical Wall: Out‐of‐Plane Buckling of the Ring 7.2.7.8 Heavy Ring Stiffeners 7.2.8 Stringers 7.2.8.1 Local Buckling of the Stringers 7.2.8.2 Local Buckling of the Shell Panels 7.2.8.3 Global Buckling of the Stiffened Shell 7.2.9 Buckling Limit State 7.2.9.1 Meridional Buckling 7.2.9.2 Circumferential Buckling 7.2.9.3 Shear Buckling 7.3 Requirements for Concrete Tanks 7.3.1 Serviceability Limit State 7.3.1.1 Leakage 7.3.1.2 Durability 7.3.1.3 Deformability 7.3.2 Ultimate Limit State 7.4 Detailing and Particular Rules 7.4.1 Walls 7.4.2 Slabs 7.4.2.1 Flexural Reinforcement of Slabs 7.4.2.2 Shear Reinforcement of Slabs 7.4.3 Joints 7.4.3.1 Connections Subjected to Negative Moment 7.4.3.2 Connections Subjected to Positive Moment Appendix A Dimensionless Design Charts A.1 Introduction Appendix B Codes, Manuals, Recommendations, Guidelines, Reports B.1 Introduction References Index EULA