Ceramic and Specialty Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices

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"This book will be of high value to researchers and engineers working on the development of next-generation energy storage devices, including materials and chemical engineers, as well as those involved in related disciplines"-- Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Abbreviations Chapter 1 Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Performance Requirements and Ion Transportation Mechanism in Solid Polymer Electrolytes 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Theory of Polymers in Solid Polymer Electrolytes 1.3 Ionic Conductivity and Ion Transfer Mechanism in Solid Polymer Electrolytes 1.4 Effect of Polymer Properties on Ionic Conductivity and Ion Transference Number 1.4.1 Glass Transition Temperature 1.4.2 Degree of Crystallinity 1.4.3 Crystal Growth from the Melt 1.4.4 Crystal Growth from Solution 1.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 2 Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Novel Lithium-Ion Conducting Ceramic Materials: Oxides (Perovskite, Anti-Perovskite) and Sulfide-Type Ion Conductors 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Oxide-Type Lithium-Ion Conductors 2.2.1 Perovskite Conductors 2.2.2 Anti-Perovskite Conductors 2.3 Sulfide-Type Lithium-Ion Conductors 2.3.1 LISICON and Thio-LISICONs 2.3.2 LGPS Family 2.3.3 Argyrodites 2.3.4 Other New Thio-Phosphates 2.3.5 Layered Sulfides 2.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 3 Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Novel Lithium-Ion Conducting Ceramic Materials: NASICON- and Garnet-Type Ionic Conductors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Inorganic Li-ion Conductors 3.2.1 NASICON Conductors 3.2.2 Garnet-Type Conductors 3.3 Li-ion Diffusion Mechanism in Garnet-Type Conductors 3.4 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 4 Polymer and Ceramic-Based Quasi-Solid Electrolytes for High Temperature Rechargeable Energy Storage Devices 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Single-Phase to Dual-Phase Electrolyte 4.3 Inorganic Quasi-Solid Electrolytes 4.3.1 Silica-Based Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 4.3.2 Bentonite Clay-Based Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 4.3.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride-Based Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 4.3.4 Barium Titanate-Based Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 4.3.5 Siloxane-Based Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes 4.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook Acknowledgment References Chapter 5 Quasi-Solid-State Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Essential Criteria for QSSEs 5.2.1 Ionic Conductivity 5.2.2 Electrochemical Window 5.2.3 Cationic Transport Number (t+) 5.2.4 Chemical and Thermal Stability 5.2.5 Porosity and Electrolyte Uptake 5.2.6 Mechanical Robustness 5.2.7 Interface with Electrode Materials 5.3 Various Polymeric Host Used for the Quasi-Solid State Electrolytes 5.3.1 PEO-Based Quasi-Solid State Electrolytes 5.3.1.1 Mechanism of Ionic Conductivity and Ion Transport 5.3.1.2 Solubility of Salts in Polymer Matrix 5.3.1.3 Plasticizer Containing PEO Electrolytes 5.3.1.4 Enhancement of Ionic Conductivity and Transport Number in PEO-Based Electrolytes 5.3.1.5 Composite Electrolyte 5.3.2 PVdF-Based QSSEs 5.3.3 PAN- and PMMA-Based QSSEs 5.3.4 Single Li-ion Conducting Polymer-Based QSSEs 5.3.5 Ionic Liquid-Based QSSEs 5.3.6 Special Class of QSSEs for LIBs 5.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook Acknowledgement References Chapter 6 Electrolytes for High Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries: Electric Vehicles and Heavy-Duty Applications 6.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 6.2 The Role of Electrolytes 6.2.1 Electrolyte Composition of LIBs 6.2.1.1 Organic Solvents 6.2.1.2 Lithium Salts 6.2.1.3 Polymer Electrolytes 6.2.1.4 RTILs 6.3 Electrolyte Reactions of the LIBs 6.3.1 Thermal Decomposition of Electrolytes 6.3.2 Thermal Reactions of Electrolytes with Electrode Surface 6.4 Thermally Stable Electrolytes 6.5 Conclusion: Electrolytes or LIBs on Fire References Chapter 7 Electrolytes for Low-Temperature Lithium-Ion Batteries Operating in Freezing Weather 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Electrolytes for LIBs 7.2.1 GPEs for Low-Temperature LIBs 7.2.1.1 Additives and Lithium Salts for Low-Temperature LIBs 7.2.1.2 Organic Solvents for Low-Temperature LIBs 7.2.1.3 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids for Low-Temperature LIBs 7.3 Separators for Low-Temperature LIBs 7.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 8 Electrolytes for Magnesium-Ion Batteries: Next Generation Energy Storage Solutions for Powering Electric Vehicles 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Mg-ion Battery Chemistry 8.2 Electrolytes for Mg-ion Batteries 8.2.1 Liquid Electrolytes with Inorganic Salts for Mg-ion Batteries 8.2.2 Organic/Inorganic Halo-Salt-Based Electrolytes for Mg-ion Batteries 8.2.3 Polymer Electrolytes for Mg-ion Batteries 8.2.3.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Mg-Ion Batteries 8.2.3.2 Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Mg-Ion Batteries 8.2.3.3 Polymer Composite Electrolytes for Mg-Ion Batteries 8.2.4 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Mg-ion Batteries 8.3 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 9 Aqueous Electrolytes for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Why Aqueous Electrolytes for Alkaline Metal-Ion Batteries? 9.2.1 Cost Effective 9.2.2 Safety Concerns 9.2.3 Ionic Conductivity 9.2.4 Rate Capability 9.3 Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries (ARLIB) 9.3.1 Electrode Materials for ARLIBs 9.3.2 Design and Structure of Electrode Materials for ARLIBs 9.3.3 Aqueous Electrolytes for ARLIBs 9.3.3.1 Effect of pH 9.3.3.2 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen and Additives in Electrolytes 9.3.3.3 Effect of Concentration of Electrolytes 9.3.3.4 “Water in Salt” Properties in Aqueous Electrolytes 9.3.3.5 Aqueous Gel Polymer Electrolytes for ARLIBs 9.4 Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries (ARNIBs) 9.4.1 Electrode Material for ARNIBs 9.4.2 Aqueous Electrolytes for ARNIBs 9.4.2.1 High Concentration Aqueous Electrolytes for ARNIBs 9.4.2.2 Aqueous Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries 9.4.2.3 Other Factors of Aqueous Electrolytes Affect the Electrochemical Properties of ARNIBs 9.5 Challenges and Further Perspectives of ARLIBs/ARNIBs 9.5.1 Electrolyte Decomposition with H2 and O2 Evolution 9.5.2 Evolution of H2 and O2 from Electrolyte Decomposition 9.5.3 Dissolution of Electrode Material in Aqueous Electrolytes 9.5.4 Coinsertion of H+ with Guest Ions 9.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook Acknowledgment References Chapter 10 Transparent Electrolytes: A Promising Pathway for Transparent Energy Storage Devices in Next Generation Optoelectronics 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Transparent Electrolyte for Li+-ion Batteries 10.3 TSSEs for Supercapacitors 10.3.1 IL-Based Transparent Electrolytes 10.4 Transparent Electrolytes for Fuel Cells 10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives Acknowledgments References Chapter 11 Recent Advances in Non-Platinum-Based Cathode Electrocatalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Working Principles of DMFCs 11.3 ORR Mechanism 11.4 Synthesis Techniques of Non-Pt-Based Cathode Catalysts for DMFC 11.4.1 Electrochemical Deposition 11.4.2 Chemical Reduction 11.4.3 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 11.4.4 Sol-Gel Method 11.4.5 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 11.4.6 Template-Guided Synthesis 11.5 Non-Pt Cathode Electrocatalysts 11.5.1 Transition Metal-Based Electrocatalysts 11.5.2 Metal Oxide-Based Electrocatalysts 11.5.3 Transition Metal-Nitrogen (M-Nx) Macrocycle-Based Electrocatalysts 11.5.4 Metal-Free Nanocarbon-Based Electrocatalyst 11.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook References Chapter 12 Platinum-Free Anode Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methanol Oxidation Reaction (MOR) Mechanism 12.3 Pt-Free Anode Electrocatalysts 12.3.1 Palladium-Based Electrocatalyst 12.3.2 Nickel-Based Electrocatalysts 12.3.3 Rhodium-Based Electrocatalysts 12.3.4 Other Metal-Based Electrocatalysts 12.3.5 Conducting Polymer-Based Electrocatalysts 12.3.6 Graphene-Based Nanohybrid (rGO/PEDOT:PSS/MnO2) Electrocatalyst 12.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 13 Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Supercapacitor Applications 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Need of Gel- and Ionic-Liquid-Based Electrolytes in SCs 13.3 Importance of GPEs and Ionic-Liquid-Based Electrolytes in Commercial Applications 13.4 GPEs 13.5 Status of Research on Polymer Electrolytes in India 13.5.1 Usage of Ionic-Liquid Electrolytes and GPEs in the Construction of SC Devices 13.6 Microanalytical Characterization Techniques Used for Interface Analysis of Electrode and Electrolyte 13.6.1 Morphological and Surface Characterization 13.6.2 Electrochemical Characterization Techniques (Half-Cell Studies) 13.6.3 The Way Forward 13.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Index