The manual of photography photographic and digital imaging, 9th Edition

Description

The Manual has aided many thousands of photographers in their careers. The ninth edition now brings this text into a third century, as the first edition dates from 1890.Major new updates for the ninth edition include:— Coverage of digital techniques - more emphasis on electronic and hybrid mediaGreater coverage of colour measurement, specification and reproduction - illustrated with a new colour plate section— Dealing with the fundamental principles as well as the practices of photography and imaging, the Manual topics ranging from optics to camera types and features, to colour photography and digital image processing and manipulation.The authors write in a reader-friendly style, using many explanatory illustrations and dividing topics into clear sections. Preface to the first edition of The Ilford Manual of Photography (1890) Preface to the ninth edition 1. Imaging systems The production of images Photographic and digital imaging General characteristics of reproduction systems Imaging chains The reproduction of tone and colour Image quality expectations 2. Fundamentals of light and vision Light waves and particles Optics The electromagnetic spectrum The eye and vision 3. Photographic light sources Characteristics of light sources Light output Daylight Tungsten-filament lamps Tungsten-halogen lamps Fluorescent lamps Metal-halide lamps Pulsed xenon lamps Expendable flashbulbs Electronic flash Other sources 4. The geometry of image formation Interaction of light with matter Image formation The simple lens Image formation by a compound lens Graphical construction of images The lens conjugate equation Field angle of view Covering power of a lens Geometric distortion Depth of field Depth of field equations Depth of focus Perspective 5. The photometry of image formation Stops and pupils Aperture Mechanical vignetting Image illumination Image illuminance with wide-angle lenses Exposure compensation for close-up photography Light losses and lens transmission Flare and its effects T-numbers Anti-reflection coatings 6. Optical aberrations and lens performance Introduction Axial chromatic aberration Lateral chromatic aberration Spherical aberration Coma Curvature of field Astigmatism Curvilinear distortion Diffraction Resolution and resolving power Modulation transfer function 7. Camera lenses Simple lenses Compound lenses Development of the photographic lens Modern camera lenses Wide-angle lenses Long-focus lenses Zoom and varifocal lenses Macro lenses Teleconverters Optical attachments Special effects 8. Types of camera Survey of development Camera types Special purpose cameras Automatic cameras Digital cameras Architecture of the digital camera 9. Camera features Shutter systems The iris diaphragm Viewfinder systems Flash synchronization Focusing systems Autofocus systems Exposure metering systems Battery power Data imprinting 10. Camera movements Introduction Translational movements Rotational movements Lens covering power Control of image sharpness Limits to lens tilt Control of image shape Perspective control lenses Shift cameras 11. Optical filters Optical filters Filter sizes Filters and focusing Colour filters for black-and-white photography Colour filters for colour photography Special filters Polarizing filters Filters for darkroom use 12. Sensitive materials and image sensors Latent image formation in silver halides Image formation by charge-coupled devices Production of light-sensitive materials and sensors Sizes and formats of photographic and electronic sensors and media 13. Spectral sensitivity of photographic materials Response of photographic materials to short-wave radiation Response of photographic materials to visible radiation Spectral sensitization Orthochromatic materials Panchromatic materials Extended sensitivity materials Infrared materials Other uses of dye sensitization Determination of the colour sensitivity of an unknown material Wedge spectrograms Spectral sensitivity of digital cameras 14. Principles of colour photography Colour matching The first colour photograph Additive colour photography Subtractive colour photography Additive processes Subtractive processes Integral tripacks 15. Sensitometry The subject Exposure Density Effect of light scatter in a negative Callier coefficient Density in practice The characteristic (H and D) curve Main regions of the negative characteristic curve Variation of the characteristic curve with the material Variation of the characteristic curve with development Gamma-time curve Variation of gamma with wavelength Placing of the subject on the characteristic curve Average gradient and G Contrast index Effect of variation in development on the negative Effect of variation in exposure on the negative Exposure latitude The response curve of a photographic paper Maximum black Exposure range of a paper Variation of the print curve with the type of emulsion Variation of the print curve with development Requirements in a print Paper contrast The problem of the subject of high contrast Tone reproduction Reciprocity law failure Sensitometric practice Sensitometers Densitometers Elementary sensitometry Sensitometry of a digital camera 16. The reproduction of colour Colours of the rainbow Colours of natural objects Effect of the light source on the appearance of colours Response of the eye to colours Primary and complementary colours Complementary pairs of colours Low light levels Black-and-white processes Colour processes Formation of subtractive image dyes Colour sensitometry Imperfections of colour processes Correction of deficiencies of the subtractive system Masking of colour materials Problems of duplication The chemistry of colour image formation Chromogenic processes Silver-dye-bleach process Instant colour processes Alternative method for instant photography 17. Photographic processing Developers and development Developing agents Preservatives Alkalis Restrainers (anti-foggants) Miscellaneous additions to developers Superadditivity (synergesis) Monochrome developer formulae in general use Changes in a developer with use Replenishment Preparing developers Techniques of development Obtaining the required degree of development Quality control Processing following development Rinse and stop baths Fixers Silver recovery Bleaching of silver images Washing Tests for permanence Drying 18. Speed of materials, sensors and systems Speed of photographic media Methods of expressing speed Speed systems and standards ISO speed ratings for colour materials Speed of digital systems Speed ratings in practice 19. Camera exposure determination Camera exposure Optimum exposure criteria Exposure latitude Subject luminance ratio Development variations Exposure determination Practical exposure tests Light measurement Exposure meter calibration Exposure values Incident light measurements Exposure meters in practice Photometry units Spot meters In-camera metering systems Electronic flash exposure metering Automatic electronic flash 20. Hard copy output media Hard copy output Photographic papers Type of silver halide emulsion Paper contrast Paper surface Paper base Colour photographic papers Processing photographic paper Pictrography and Pictrostat Dry Silver materials Cylithographic materials/Cycolor Thermal imaging materials Materials for ink-jet printing 21. Production of hard copy Photographic printing and enlarging Types of enlargers Light sources for enlarging and printing Lenses for enlargers Ancillary equipment Exposure determination Conventional image manipulation Colour printing Colour enlarger design Types of colour enlarger Methods of evaluating colour negatives for printing Digital output Evaluating the results 22. Life expectancy of imaging media Life expectancy of photographic media Processing conditions Storage conditions Atmospheric gases Toning Light fading Life expectancy of digital media 23. Colour matters Specification by sample The physical specification of colour Specification of colour by synthesis Colour gamuts Summing up 24. Theory of image formation Sinusoidal waves Images and sine waves Imaging sinusoidal patterns Fourier theory of image formation Measuring modulation transfer functions (MTF) Discrete transforms and sampling The MTF for a CCD imaging array Image quality and MTF 25. Images and information Image noise Photographic noise Quantifying image noise Practical considerations for the autocorrelation function and the noise power spectrum Signal-to-noise ratio Detective quantum efficiency (DQE) Information theory 26. Digital image processing and manipulation Linear spatial filtering (convolution) Frequency domain filtering Non-linear filtering Statistical operations (point, grey-level operations) Image restoration Edge detection and segmentation Image data compression Index