Knowledge And Power Science In World History

Description

Knowledge and Power presents and explores science not as something specifically for scientists, but as an integral part of human civilization, and traces the development of science through different historical settings from the Middle Ages through to the Cold War. Five case studies are examined within this book: the creation of modern science by Muslims, Christians and Jews in the medieval Mediterranean; the global science of the Jesuit order in the early modern world; the relationship between "modernization" and "westernization" in Russia and Japan from the late seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century; the role of science in the European colonization of Africa; and the rivalry in "big science" between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Each chapter includes original documents to further the reader’s understanding, and this second edition has been enhanced with a selection of new images and a new chapter on Big Science and the Superpowers during the Cold War. Since the Middle Ages, people have been working in many civilizations and cultures to advance knowledge of, and power over, the natural world. Through a combination of narrative and primary sources, Knowledge and Power provides students with an understanding of how different cultures throughout time and across the globe approached science. It is ideal for students of world history and the history of science. Cover Half title Title Copyright Dedication Contents List of Figures Introduction 1 | Science in the Medieval Mediterranean Classical Science in the Islamic World From Greek to Islamic Science Greek and Arab Medicine Greco-Arab Science in the Medieval Latin West New Knowledge, New Institutions—the Rise of the University Medicine in the Medieval University Alchemy and Other “Disreputable” Sciences—Outside the University The Missing Piece—Was There a Byzantine Science? The Decline of Arab Science in Early Modern Europe Why Did Scientific Leadership Move to Latin Christendom? Medieval Latin Science and the Scientific Revolution Documents on Medieval Science Arab Science Enters the Latin West: Adelard of Bath Ibn Rushd on Islam and Philosophy Moses Maimonides on Aristotle and the Torah Roger Bacon on Experiment Notes 2 | The Jesuits and World Science, 1540–1773 Jesuit Science and Religion The Jesuits as Scientific Missionaries in China The Jesuits as Imperial Astronomers and Cartographers The French Jesuit Mission in China and the Royal Academy of Sciences The Chinese and Jesuit Science The Decline of Jesuit Science in China Jesuit Science in Spanish America Natural History and Materia Medica in Latin America “Creole” Jesuits and the Debate Over the New World Rome: Center of the Jesuit Scientific World Athanasius Kircher and Global Science The Decline of Jesuit Science Documents on Early Modern Jesuit Science Jose de Acosta, of the Natural and Moral History of the Indies Ferdinand Verbiest on the Uses of Science in China Athanasius Kircher on Earthquakes Francisco Clavigero on the Dogs of Mexico 3 | Westernization, “Modernization,” and Science in Russia and Japan, 1684–1860s Science and State-Driven Westernization in Russia Science in Russia Before Peter the Great Science and Westernization in the Reign of Peter the Great The Transformation of the Russian Language The Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg The French Revolution and Russian Science Autocracy and Russian Science Under Nicolas I The Disciplinary Societies Science and Russian Liberalism: Alexander Herzen Western Learning in Japan Chinese Science in Japan The Early History of Western Science in Japan The Dutch in Tokugawa Japan Rangaku Western Science, Chinese Learning, and Japanese Nativism The Turn Against Western Science Siebold and the Crackdown on Independent Rangaku Scholars The Japanese Crisis of the Mid-Nineteenth Century and Western Learning Documents on Science in Romanov Russia and Tokugawa Japan Jakob Staehlin von Storcksberg, Founding the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg Ekaterina Dashkova and the Reform of the Russian Academy Honda Toshiaki on Western Science and Political Reform Late Tokugawa Science in Western Eyes Notes 4 | Africa in the Age of Imperialism and Nationalism, 1860–1960 Exploration Conquest Exploitation Western and African Knowledge in the Formation of African Natural History Science and Imperial Ideology An African Scientist—Africanus Horton “Racial Science” in Colonial Africa Scientific Racism and Eugenics in Colonial South Africa The Decline of Scientific Racism “Ethnopsychiatry” Teaching Science in Colonial Education Systems Late Colonial Africa and “Experimental Developmentalism” Science and African Nationalism in Early Postcolonial Africa Documents on Science in Colonial and Early National Africa Sir Richard Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa or a Journey to Harar (1856) Karl (or Carl) Peters, The Eldorado of the Ancients (1902) Africanus Horton on Race Kwame Nkrumah Envisions a Scientific and Technological Africa Notes 5 | Big Science, the Superpowers, and the Cold War An Age of “Big Science” The Roots of Big Science Big Science and the Cold War Militaries Creating Centers of Research Policing the Scientific Community Big Science, Hope, and Fear The Big Science Model Spreads Beyond Nuclear Physics The Early Space Race and the “Sputnik Shock” The “Space Race” After Sputnik Big Science and American Politics in the 1960s and 1970s The Second Cold War and the Crisis of “Big Science” The End of the Cold War—and of Big Science? Documents on Cold War Big Science Stalin on Soviet Nuclear Development, 1946 S. I. Vavilov on Science and the Soviet Union, 1948 President Dwight Eisenhower’s Farewell Address on Big Science, 1961 The CIA Evaluates Soviet Oceanography, 1984 The Soviet Oceanographic Research Program Epilogue How Much Have Things Changed? Bibliography Useful Works on the History of World Science Useful Works on Medieval Science Useful Works on Jesuit Science Useful Works on Science in Tokugawa Japan and Romanov Russia Useful Works on Science in Colonial and Early National Africa Useful Works on Big Science and the Superpowers in the Cold War Index