Atlas of Orbital Imaging

Description

This book features in-depth descriptions of imaging modalities (MRI, CT, US, PET) for all orbital pathologies, including tumors, vascular anomalies, congenital anomalies, trauma, inflammations and infections. It describes all the imaging features of the pathologies, and includes guidance for differential diagnosis and relevant clinical data. Atlas of Orbital Imaging serves as a clinical and educational resource for ophthalmologists/orbital surgeon residents, as well as a source of reference for consultants and neuroradiologists at all levels. The illustrations are both highly detailed and depict the orbit in vivid colour, adding to the attractiveness of the chapters. This reference work is a worldwide collaborative effort of all leading orbital surgeons and neuro-radiologists (in Europe, America, Australia and Asia) and provides an indispensable resource for developing skills and knowledge of orbital imaging. Foreword 1 Foreword 2 Foreword 3 Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I: Orbital Anatomy 1 Bones of the Orbit 1 Introduction 2 Figures with Captions References 2 Vascular Anatomy 1 Introduction 1.1 Arterial Anatomy 1.1.1 Internal Carotid Circulation 1.1.2 External Carotid Circulation 1.1.3 Anastomoses 1.2 Venous Anatomy 2 Figures with Captions References 3 Ocular Adnexa, Soft Tissue, and Extraocular Muscles 1 Introduction 1.1 Eyelids 1.2 Fascia of the Eyeball 1.3 Extraocular Muscles 2 Figures with Captions References 4 Paranasal Sinuses 1 Introduction 2 Figures with Captions References 5 Orbital Fissures 1 Introduction 2 Figures and Captions References 6 Orbital Fissures: Inferior Orbital Fissure 1 Introduction 2 Figures and Captions References 7 Orbital Fissures: Pterygopalatine Fossa 1 Introduction 2 Figures and Captions References 8 Orbital Fissures: Infratemporal Fossa 1 Introduction 2 Figures and Captions References 9 Cavernous Sinus 1 Figures and Captions References 10 Meckel´s Cave 1 Introduction 2 Figures and Captions References Part II: Orbital Imaging Modalities 11 Orbital CT 1 Overview 2 Indications 3 Technique and Protocol Considerations 4 Figures with Captions References 12 Orbital MRI 1 Introduction 2 Figures and Captions References 13 Orbital CTA/CTV 1 Overview 2 Indications 3 Technique and Protocol Considerations 4 Figures with Captions References 14 Orbital MRA/MRV 1 Indications 2 Technique and Protocol Considerations 3 Figures with Captions References 15 Intraoperative Dynamic Imaging 1 Overview 2 Indications 3 Technique and Protocol Considerations 4 Figures with Captions References 16 Ultrasound of Orbit Tumors and Tumorlike Lesions 1 Introduction 2 Transducers and Frequencies 3 Technique of Examination 4 Probe Orientation 5 Probe Position 6 B-Scan Screening Exam 7 Normal Ultrasound Anatomy of the Orbit and Periorbital Region 8 Cysts and Celes 8.1 Microphthalmos with Orbital Cyst 8.1.1 Ultrasonography 8.1.2 Differential Diagnosis 8.2 Respiratory Epithelial Cysts of the Orbit 8.2.1 Ultrasound Features 8.2.2 Differential Diagnosis 8.3 Dermoid Cyst 8.3.1 Ultrasonography 8.3.2 Differential Diagnosis 8.4 Orbital Mucocele 8.4.1 Ultrasonography 8.4.2 Differential Diagnosis 9 Vascular Anomalies 9.1 Infantile Hemangioma (Former Capillary Hemangioma) 9.1.1 Ultrasonography 9.1.2 Differential Diagnosis 9.2 Cavernous Venous Malformation (Former Cavernous Hemangioma) 9.2.1 Ultrasonography 9.2.2 Differential Diagnosis 9.3 Orbital Venous-Lymphatic Malformation (Former Lymphangioma) 9.3.1 Ultrasonography 9.3.2 Differential Diagnosis 10 Orbital Inflammatory Diseases 10.1 Thyroid Eye Disease 10.1.1 Ultrasonography 10.1.2 Differential Diagnosis 10.2 Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation (Orbital Pseudotumor) 10.2.1 Ultrasonography 10.2.2 Differential Diagnosis 11 Tumors of Lymphoid and Hematopoietic Tissues 11.1 Orbital Lymphoma 11.1.1 Ultrasound 11.1.2 Differential Diagnosis 11.2 Orbital Plasmacytoma 11.2.1 Ultrasound 11.2.2 Differential Diagnosis 12 Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland 12.1 Pleomorphic Adenoma (Benign Mixed Tumor) 12.1.1 Ultrasound 12.2 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma 12.2.1 Ultrasound 12.2.2 Differential Diagnosis 13 Tumors of Primitive Mesoderm 13.1 Rhabdomyosarcoma 13.1.1 Ultrasound 13.1.2 Differential Diagnosis 14 Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors 14.1 Neuroblastoma 14.1.1 Ultrasound 14.1.2 Differential Diagnosis References 17 Orbital Ultrasound with Doppler 1 Probe and Image Conventions 2 Arteriovenous Malformation 3 Venolymphatic Malformation 4 Cavernous Venous Malformation 5 Solitary Fibrous Tumor (Hemangiopericytoma) 6 Dermoid Cysts References 18 Orbital Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) 1 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 1.1 Signs and Symptoms 1.2 Differential Diagnosis 1.3 Diagnosis 1.4 Treatment 1.5 Figures with Captions 2 Melanoma 2.1 Signs and Symptoms 2.2 Differential Diagnosis 2.3 Diagnosis 2.4 Treatment 2.5 Figures with Captions 3 Lymphoma 3.1 Signs and Symptoms 3.2 Differential Diagnosis 3.3 Diagnosis 3.4 Treatment 3.5 Figures with Captions 4 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma 4.1 Signs and Symptoms 4.2 Differential Diagnosis 4.3 Diagnosis 4.4 Treatment 4.5 Figures with Captions 5 Orbital Metastases 5.1 Signs and Symptoms 5.2 Differential Diagnosis 5.3 Diagnosis 5.4 Treatment 5.5 Figures with Captions 6 Orbital Inflammatory Syndrome (``Pseudotumor´´) 6.1 Signs and Symptoms 6.2 Differential Diagnosis 6.3 Diagnosis 6.4 Treatment 6.5 Figures with Captions 7 IgG4-Related Disease 7.1 Signs and Symptoms 7.2 Differential Diagnosis 7.3 Diagnosis 7.4 Treatment 7.5 Figures with Captions References 19 Orbital Imaging Pearls 1 Introduction 2 Figures with Captions Part III: Congenital Malformations/Anomalies 20 Craniofacial Dystosis 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 21 Neurofibromatosis 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 22 Anophthalmia and Microphthalmia 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 23 Cystic Lesions of the Orbit: Dermoid and Epidermoid Cysts 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 24 Cystic Lesions of the Orbit: Teratomas 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 25 Other Cystic Lesions of the Orbit: Encephalocele 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 26 Congenital Lacrimal Pathologies: Dacryocystocele 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 27 Pediatric Orbital Vascular Tumors: Infantile Hemangioma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References Part IV: Lacrimal Gland Tumors 28 Lacrimal Gland Prolapse and Dacryops 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 29 Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Lacrimal Gland 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 30 Recurrent Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Lacrimal Gland (RLGPA) 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 31 Lacrimal Gland Carcinoma: Primary 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 32 Carcinoma Ex-Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Lacrimal Gland 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 33 Benign (Reactive) Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Lymphoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Benign (Reactive) Lymphoid Hyperplasia 5.2 Lymphoma References Part V: Lacrimal Pathways 34 Normal Anatomy of the Lacrimal System 1 Introduction 2 Normal Anatomy 3 Figures with Captions References 35 Imaging in Lacrimal Drainage Obstruction and Acute Dacryocystitis 1 Introduction 2 Signs and Symptoms 3 Differential Diagnosis 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 Image-Guided Dacryolocalization 7 Figures with Captions References 36 Lacrimal Sac Tumors Imaging 1 Introduction 2 Signs and Symptoms 3 Differential Diagnosis 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 Figures and Captions References Part VI: Primary Orbital Tumors 37 Orbital Lymphoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Case 1 5.2 Case 2 5.3 Case 3 5.4 Case 4 5.5 Case 5 5.6 Case 6 5.7 Case 7 References 38 Orbital Multiple Myeloma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Case 1 5.2 Case 2 5.3 Case 3 References 39 Orbital Soft Tissues Sarcomas/Liposarcoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Case 1 5.2 Case 2 5.3 Case 3 5.4 Case 4 References 40 Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 41 Orbital Lipoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 42 Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Orbit 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 43 Granulomatous Orbital Inflammation: Orbital Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 1 Symptoms and Signs 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References Part VII: Eye and Ocular Adnexa Tumors with Orbital Extension 44 Periocular Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 45 Periocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 46 Periocular Sebaceous Cell Carcinoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 47 Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia with Orbital Extension 1 Introduction 2 Signs and Symptoms 3 Differential Diagnosis 4 Diagnosis 5 Treatment 6 Figures with Caption References 48 Uveal Melanoma with Extraocular Spread 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures and Captions References 49 Retinoblastoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 50 Metastatic Orbital Lesions: Breast Cancer 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 51 Metastatic Orbital Lesions: Lung Cancer, Prostate Cancer, and Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Metastatic Lung Cancer 5.2 Metastatic Prostate Cancer 5.3 Metastatic RCC References 52 Metastatic Orbital Lesions: Melanoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 53 Orbital Extension of Tumors from the Paranasal Sinuses: Squamous Cell Carcinoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 54 Differential Diagnosis of Malignant Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 55 Merkel Cell Carcinoma of Eyelid (MCC) 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Histopathologic Features 5 Treatment 6 Prognosis 7 Figures with Captions References Part VIII: Osseous and Meninges Lesions 56 Imaging of Orbital Osteoma and Osteosarcoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Osteoma 5.2 Osteosarcoma References 57 Ossifying Fibroma and Chondromyxoid Fibroma of the Orbit 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 58 Fibrous Dysplasia 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 59 Intraosseous Hemangioma and Cholesterol Granuloma of the Orbit 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Intraosseous hemangioma 5.2 Cholesterol granuloma References 60 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst and Ewing Sarcoma of the Orbit 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst 5.2 Ewing Sarcoma References 61 Meningioma of the Orbit and Orbital Vicinity 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Sphenoid Wing Meningioma 5.2 Olfactory Groove Meningioma 5.3 Extradural meningioma (Recurrent) References Part IX: Optic Nerve 62 Optic Nerve Glioma: Pilocytic Astrocytoma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 63 Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 64 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Etiologies of Optic Nerve Damage 1 Introduction 2 Imaging Features 3 Figures with Captions References Part X: Vascular Malformations 65 Lymphatic Malformations 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 66 Venous Malformations (VM) Distensible/Lymphatico-Venous Malformations (LVM) 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Capillary Malformation 5.2 Orbital Venous Malformation References 67 Orbital Venous Malformations (VM): Nondistensible 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 68 Carotid-Cavernous Fistula 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 69 Arteriovenous Malformations of the Orbit 1 Signs and Symptoms 1.1 Orbital and Periorbital AVMs 1.2 Retinal AVMs 1.3 Intracranial AVMs 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Computed Tomography (CT) 3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 3.3 Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 70 Other Rare Vascular Tumors of the Orbit 1 Signs and Symptoms 1.1 Orbital solitary fibrous tumor 1.2 Angiosarcoma 1.3 Hemangioblastoma 2 Differential Diagnosis 2.1 Orbital solitary fibrous tumor 2.2 Angiosarcoma 2.3 Hemangioblastoma 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Orbital solitary fibrous tumor 3.2 Angiosarcoma 3.3 Hemangioblastoma 4 Treatment 4.1 Orbital solitary fibrous tumor 4.2 Angiosarcoma 4.3 Hemangioblastoma 5 Figures with Captions References Part XI: Orbital Inflammation 71 Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation (IOI) 1 Symptoms and Signs 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 72 Orbital Myositis 1 Symptoms and Signs 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 73 Dacryoadenitis 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 74 Scleritis 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 75 Orbital Manifestations of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis 1 Symptoms and Signs 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 76 IgG-4 Related Orbital Disease 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 77 Granulomatous Orbital Inflammation: Orbital Sarcoidosis 1 Symptoms and Signs 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 78 Xanthogranulomatous Disease of the Orbit 1 Symptoms and Signs 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 79 Thyroid Eye Disease 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References Part XII: Orbital Infection 80 Pre-septal Orbital Cellulitis 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 81 Orbital Cellulitis 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 82 Mucocele with Orbital Involvement 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 83 Subperiosteal Orbital Abscess 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 84 Aspergillosis 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 85 Mucormycosis 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 86 Orbital Hydatid Cysts 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 87 Orbital Cysticercosis 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 88 Granulomatous Orbital Inflammation: Orbital Tuberculosis (TB) 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References Part XIII: Orbital Trauma and Other Inferred Changes 89 Orbital Trauma: Orbital Soft Tissue Injuries and Intraorbital Foreign Bodies 1 Introduction 2 Signs and Symptoms 3 Differential Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Diagnosis 6 Soft tissue injuries 6.1 Globe injuries 6.2 Orbital Soft Tissue Injuries 6.3 Extraorbital Soft Tissue Changes 6.4 Foreign Bodies 7 Conclusion References 90 Orbital Trauma: Orbital and Orbitofacial Fractures 1 Introduction 2 Signs and Symptoms 3 Differential Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Diagnosis 6 Figures with Captions 6.1 X-rays 6.2 CT Scans 6.3 Other Orbital Fracture Considerations 6.4 MRI in Orbital Fractures 7 Summary References 91 Ocular Trauma and Intrinsic Pathology 1 Overview 2 Diagnosis 3 Figures with Captions References 92 Nontraumatic Orbital Hemorrhage (NTOH) 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions 5.1 Ir/Eom-Related Hemorrhage 5.2 Peri-Implant Hemorrhage 5.3 Subperiosteal Hemorrhage 5.4 Hemorrhage Related to Vascular Malformations References 93 Postoperative Changes 1 Overview 2 Figures with Captions References 94 Periocular Fillers 1 Imaging Features 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 95 Periocular Fillers-Related Complications: Imaging Features 1 Signs and Symptoms 2 Differential Diagnosis 3 Diagnosis 4 Treatment 5 Figures with Captions References 96 Acquired Anophthalmus 1 Introduction 2 Signs and Symptoms 3 Treatment 4 Diagnosis 5 Figures with Captions References Index