City Diplomacy: Current Trends And Future Prospects

Description

This edited volume provides an inclusive explanation of what, why, and how cities interact with global counterparts as well as with nation states, non-governmental organizations, and foreign publics. The chapters present theoretical and analytical approaches to the study of city diplomacy as well as case studies to capture the nuances of the practice. By bringing together a diverse group of authors in terms of their geographic location, academic and practitioner backgrounds, the volume speaks to multiple disciplines, including diplomacy, political science, communication, sociology, marketing and tourism. Prologue: A New Generation of City Diplomacy......Page 7 A Shift in the International Politics of Cities......Page 8 References......Page 10 Acknowledgments......Page 12 Contents......Page 14 Notes on Contributors......Page 17 List of Figures ......Page 22 List of Tables ......Page 23 1.1 Why This Book?......Page 24 1.2 Structure of the Book......Page 27 1.3 The Way Forward......Page 32 References......Page 33 Section I: Global Governance Through City Networks......Page 34 2.1 Introduction......Page 35 2.2 The Urbanization of Global Politics......Page 37 2.3 City Networks and City Diplomacy......Page 40 2.4 City Networks as Diplomatic Agents: The #CitiesIPCC Campaign......Page 44 2.4.1 Shifting Locations of Knowledge Generation......Page 46 2.4.2 Shaping the Research Agenda......Page 47 2.5 Reconceptualizing City Networks in Global Governance......Page 49 2.5.1 Conditions for City Network Independence......Page 50 2.6 Conclusions......Page 52 References......Page 54 3.1 Introduction......Page 59 3.2 Networked Cities as Global Political Actors......Page 61 3.3 City Networks: Governing from the Middle......Page 64 3.4 From Competition Toward Collaboration......Page 67 3.5 Questioning the Privatization of Urban Affairs......Page 72 3.6 The Opportunities of a Dense Ecosystem of City Networks......Page 74 3.7 Conclusions......Page 76 References......Page 77 4.1 Introduction......Page 81 4.2 Networked Environmental City Diplomacy in Context: PNLG Versus C40......Page 83 4.2.1 Chinese City Participation in Global Environmental Governance......Page 85 4.3 First-Mover Leadership as Catalyst for Chinese Environmental City Diplomacy......Page 86 4.4 Challenging Theoretical Assumptions on Inter-City Policy Learning......Page 93 4.5 Conclusions......Page 96 References......Page 98 Section II: Local Strategies for Global Engagement and Communication......Page 102 5.1 Introduction......Page 103 5.2 Framework of City Diplomacy Including Negative Emotional Engagement and Positive Outcomes......Page 104 5.2.1 City Diplomacy and City Branding......Page 105 5.2.2 Negative Emotional Engagement......Page 107 5.2.3 Negative and Positive Behavioral Outcomes: Adapting Strategy, Call for Action and Utility of Having an Enemy......Page 109 5.2.4 International Role and City Network, City and Mayor Branding as a Positive Intangible Outcome......Page 111 5.3 Case Study: The C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group......Page 113 5.4 Method......Page 115 5.5.1 Insights from Content Analyses......Page 118 5.5.2 Results from Sentiment Analysis......Page 120 5.6 Discussions......Page 121 5.7 Conclusions, Implications and Future Research......Page 122 References......Page 124 6.1 Introduction......Page 130 6.2 “Hard” Assets as Infrastructure of City Diplomacy: From Unique Artifacts to “Signature” Architecture......Page 134 6.3 Generating “Soft Power”: Museums as Hubs of International Engagements......Page 141 6.4 Conclusions......Page 149 References......Page 150 7.1 Introduction......Page 156 7.2 Un-nation Branding: The Soft Power Symbolism of Cities......Page 158 7.2.1 Brand Israel......Page 162 7.2.2 Un-nation Branding......Page 163 7.3 ‘Two Cities. One Break’: Un-nation Branding Israel......Page 165 7.3.1 Visual Representations and ‘Two Cities. One Break’......Page 168 7.4 Conclusions......Page 172 References......Page 175 8.1 Introduction......Page 180 8.2 International Summits and Meetings as a Platform for City Diplomacy......Page 183 8.3 Methods......Page 186 8.4 Results......Page 187 8.4.1 Tweets That Mention Summit Host City Buenos Aires......Page 190 8.4.2 Tweets That Mention Cities Other Than the Host......Page 194 8.4.3 Tweets That Reveal How ‘City Diplomacy’ Is Talked About......Page 195 8.5 Discussion......Page 198 8.6 Conclusions......Page 200 References......Page 201 Section III: City Diplomacy Across Governance Levels......Page 205 9.1 Introduction......Page 206 9.1.1 City as a Subject of Analysis in International Relations......Page 207 9.1.2 The City as an International Actor......Page 208 9.1.3 From City Diplomacy to Influence the International Environment......Page 209 9.2.2 Dimensions and Variables......Page 211 9.2.3 Types......Page 212 9.3 Types of Insertion of a City in the International Setting......Page 213 9.3.1 External Projection......Page 214 9.3.2 International Presence......Page 216 9.3.3 Territorial Attractiveness......Page 218 9.3.4 Global Recognition......Page 221 9.4 Conclusions......Page 224 References......Page 225 10.1 Introduction......Page 232 10.1.1 Research Approach......Page 234 10.2.1 Classical Diplomatic Roles Reinvented By EU Mayors......Page 235 10.2.2 EU Cooperation Projects......Page 238 10.2.3 EU-Led Campaigns......Page 239 10.2.4 City Networks as Facilitators of City Diplomacy......Page 240 10.3 Are EU Cities Playing Tennis or Chess? Strategies for Enhancing City Diplomacy......Page 241 10.3.1 The Bywatcher Scenario......Page 242 10.3.2 The Silent Silo Scenario......Page 243 10.3.3 The Strategist Scenario......Page 244 10.4 Conclusions......Page 245 References......Page 247 11.1 Introduction......Page 252 11.2 Introducing US MOIA Through Organizational Theory......Page 255 11.3 The Precarious Value of City Diplomacy......Page 258 11.4 Policy Implications......Page 259 11.4.1 Have an Institutional Leader During Incubation and Maturation......Page 260 11.4.2 Strategically Identify Functions and Programs......Page 261 11.4.3 Build and Maintain External and Internal Constituencies......Page 262 11.4.4 Ensure Competence and Commitment of the Operators......Page 264 11.5 Conclusions......Page 266 References......Page 267 Section IV: Case Studies......Page 269 12.1 Introduction......Page 270 12.2 Track Two Diplomacy......Page 272 12.3 Why Singapore?......Page 277 12.3.1 Pragmatic Neutrality Pays......Page 281 12.3.2 The Branding of Singapore......Page 284 12.4 Conclusions......Page 287 References......Page 289 13.1 Introduction......Page 293 13.2.1 Paradiplomacy......Page 295 13.2.2 City Branding......Page 296 13.3.1 Objective and Focus of the Empirical Research......Page 298 13.4 Strategies of City Diplomacy in the City of Medellín......Page 299 13.4.1 Overview......Page 300 Development Plan 2004–2007: “Medellín, Compromiso de Toda la Ciudadanía” (“Medellín, commitment of the whole population”) – Sergio Fajardo Valderrama......Page 303 Development Plan 2008–2011: “Medellín es Solidaria y Competitiva” (“Medellín is solidary and competitive”) – Alonso Salazar Jaramillo......Page 305 Development Plan 2012–2015: “Un hogar para la vida” (“A home for life”) – Anibal Gaviria Correa......Page 306 Development Plan 2016–2019: “Medellín cuenta con vos” (“Medellín counts on you”) – Federico Gutiérrez Zuluaga......Page 307 13.5.1 Report 2004–2007: “Medellín, Compromiso de Toda la Ciudadanía” (“Medellín, commitment of the whole population”) – Sergio Fajardo Valderrama......Page 308 13.5.2 Report 2008–2011: “Medellín es Solidaria y Competitiva” (“Medellín is solidary and competitive”) – Alonso Salazar Jaramillo......Page 310 13.5.3 Report 2012–2015: “Un hogar para la vida” (“A home for life”) – Anibal Gaviria Correa......Page 311 13.5.4 Report 2016–2019: “Medellín cuenta con vos” (“Medellín counts on you”) – Federico Gutiérrez Zuluaga......Page 312 13.6 Conclusions......Page 313 References......Page 314 14.1 Introduction......Page 318 14.2 Contemporary Trends and Debates on City Diplomacy......Page 320 14.3 Application of Analytical Framework: The Case of the Baltics......Page 323 14.4 Methodology......Page 325 14.5.1 Survey of Experts......Page 329 14.5.2 Statistical Analysis......Page 332 14.6 Discussions and Conclusions......Page 338 References......Page 340 15.1 Introduction......Page 344 15.2 History, Geography, Identity, and Administration......Page 347 15.3 Internationalization at the Grassroots Level During the 1970s–1980s......Page 349 15.4 Twin Cities and Regional Organizations Around the Baltic Sea and Beyond......Page 351 15.5 Turku’s Plans for International Contacts in the Immediate Post-Cold War......Page 354 15.6 Institutional Changes and Continuity......Page 357 15.7 Turku as an Interface Between the EU and the Baltic Sea Region......Page 359 15.8 Turku was the European Cap of culture in 2011......Page 361 15.9 Conclusions: Local Incentives, Ad Hoc Decision-Making, and Limited Agency......Page 363 References......Page 366 Interviews......Page 370 Archives......Page 371 Index......Page 372