Bioactive Phytochemicals from Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing By-products

Description

This book comprehensively reviews the phytochemistry, functional properties, and health-promoting effects of bioactive compounds found in oil processing by-products, and it also explores the food and non-food applications of these by-products. Several oilseeds, vegetables, and fruits are cultivated for their oils and fats, wherein the oil extraction industry generates a huge amount of waste (meal or cake). The valorisation of this waste would be very beneficial not only from the economic and environmental perspectives, but also for the potential applications in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries, in which phytochemicals derived from vegetable oil and oilseed processing by-products play an important role in, for instance, extending the shelf life of several products and providing added-value properties with their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this work, expert contributors discuss about the added-value of biowaste from common and non-traditional vegetable oils and oilseeds processing, as well as fruit oils processing, and offer an extensive overview of the different bioactive compounds found in extracts from oil processing by-products and their chemical composition. The book also collects several examples in which oil processing by-products are integrated into industrial activities such as food production, livestock production and in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Professionals and scholars alike interested in the recycling of agro-industrial wastes derived from vegetable oil and oilseed processing by-products will find this book a handy reference tool. Preface Contents About the Editor Editorial Board Contributors Part I: General Aspects 1 Introduction to Bioactive Phytochemicals from Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 By-products from Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing 3 UNSDGs and Sustainable Food Production 4 Bioactive Markers in Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing By-products 5 Expected Outputs and Potential Impacts on the Environment and Economy 6 Features and Goals of the Book References Part II: Phytochemicals from Common Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing By-products 2 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Soybean (Glycine max) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Extracts from Oil Processing By-products 3 Biological and Functional Properties of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Processing By-products 4 Food and Non-food Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Processing By-products 5 Valorization of Oil Processing By-products for Biogas 6 Conclusion References 3 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Byproducts of Rapeseed Oil Refining Process 2.1 Rapeseed Meal 2.1.1 Solvent-Extracted Rapeseed Meal 2.1.2 Expeller or Cold-Extracted Rapeseed Meal 2.1.3 Rapeseed Meal Nutrient Composition 2.1.4 Application of Rapeseed Meal for Animal Feeding 2.1.5 Source of Phenolic Compound 2.1.6 Rapeseed Meal for Human Foodstuffs 2.2 Soapstock 2.3 Acid Oil 2.4 Deodorizer Distillate 2.4.1 RODD Bioactive Compounds 3 Conclusion References 4 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Macro- and Microcomponents 2.1 Protein and Amino Acid Composition of Sunflower Byproduct 2.2 Lipids Composition of Sunflower Oil Processing Byproducts 2.3 Carbohydrates from Sunflower Byproduct 3 Phenolic Compounds 4 Conclusion References 5 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Rice Bran Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Composition of RBO 2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 2.2 Fatty Acid Composition 2.3 Phytosterol 2.4 γ-Oryzanol 2.5 Tocopherols and Tocotrienols 3 Rice Bran Production 3.1 Rice Milling 3.2 Rice Bran Stabilization 4 RBO Extraction 4.1 Mechanical Pressing 4.2 Solvent Extraction 4.3 Non-conventional Extraction Methods 4.3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 4.3.2 Subcritical Fluid Extraction 4.3.3 Microwave-Assisted, Ultrasound-Assisted, and Enzyme-Assisted Extractions 5 Extraction Byproduct of RBO 5.1 Defatted Rice Bran 6 Refining of RBO 6.1 Degumming 6.2 Neutralization 6.3 Bleaching 6.4 Dewaxing/Winterization 6.5 Deodorization 6.6 Chemical Refining 6.7 Physical Refining 7 Refining Byproducts of RBO 7.1 Rice Bran Lecithin 7.2 Rice Bran Soap Stock 7.3 Rice Bran Wax 7.4 Deodorizer Distillate 8 Conclusion References 6 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Peanut Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction and Economic Values of Peanut Oil-Processing By-Products 2 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Extracts from Peanut Oil-Processing By-Products 3 Biological and Functional Properties of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Peanut Oil-Processing By-Products 4 Food and Nonfood Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Peanut Oil-Processing By-Products 5 Valorization of Oil-Processing By-Products for Nonhealth Purposes (i.e., Bioenergy) 6 Conclusion References 7 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Corn (Zea mays) Germ Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Biocompounds of Corn Germ Oil Processing By-products 2.1 Protein and Amino Acids 2.2 Lipids and Fatty Acid Composition 2.3 Fiber and Monomeric Sugar Contents 3 Phenolic Compounds 4 Carotenoids 5 Conclusion References 8 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Macrocomponents of Cottonseed Oil Processing By-products 2.1 Proteins and Amino Acids of Cottonseed Oil Processing By-products 2.2 Lipids and Fatty Acids of Cottonseed Oil Processing By-products 2.3 Carbohydrate and Fiber of Cottonseed Oil Processing By-products 3 Phenolic Content of Cottonseed Oil Processing By-products 4 Conclusion References 9 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Sesame Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Bioactive Metabolites Described in Sesame Cake 2.1 Phenolic Compounds 2.1.1 Flavonoids 2.1.2 Phenolic Acids 2.2 Nonphenolic Compounds 2.3 Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Contents, Total Lignans Content 2.4 Comparison Between Sesame Seed Cake and Oil 2.5 Proximate Composition of Sesame Cakes 3 Biological Activities 3.1 Antimutagenic Activity 3.2 Antidepressant Activity 3.3 Hypoglycemic Activities 3.4 Antiaging Activity 3.5 Anti-inflammatory Activity 3.6 Estrogenic Activity 3.7 Antimicrobial Activity 3.8 Antihypertensive Activity 3.9 Hypocholesterolemic Activity 3.10 Antioxidant Activity 4 Valorization Strategies of Sesame Oil Processing By-products 4.1 The Preservative Potential of Sesame Bio-waste 4.2 Balancing of Food Product Contents and Its Health Impacts 4.3 Prospects for Treatment of Certain Diseases 4.4 Animal Feedstuffs 4.5 Substrate for Production of Valuable Ingredients 4.6 Agriculture Applications 4.7 Environmental Bioremediation 4.8 Bioenergy 5 Conclusion References Part III: Phytochemicals from Fruit Oil Processing By-products 10 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Olive (Olea europaea) Processing By-products 1 Introduction 1.1 Most Common Processes for Olive Oil Extraction 1.2 Most Common Processes for Table Olives Production 2 Chemical Composition of Olive Processing By-products and Bioactive Compounds 2.1 Composition of Wastes and By-products from Olive Oil Extraction 2.2 Table Olives´ Wastewaters Composition and By-products 3 Bioactive Compounds from Olive Processing By-products 3.1 Extraction Processes 3.2 Applications and Health Benefits of Olive By-products 4 Valorization of Olive Processing By-products for Agricultural Applications 5 Valorization of Olive By-products for Bioenergy and Other Purposes 6 Conclusion References 11 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Palm Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Economic Values of Biowastes Obtained from Palm Oil Processing 2.1 Oil Palm Fronds (OPF) 2.2 Oil Palm Trunks (OPT) 2.3 Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) 2.4 Palm-Pressed Fiber (PPF) 2.5 Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) 2.6 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 2.7 Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) 3 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Extracts from Palm Oil Processing By-products 4 Biological and Functional Properties of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Palm Oil Processing By-products 5 Food and Nonfood Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Palm Oil Processing By-products 6 Valorization of Palm Oil Processing By-products for Nonhealth Purposes 6.1 Physical Conversion 6.2 Thermochemical Conversion 6.3 Biochemical Conversion 7 Conclusion References 12 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Citrus Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Citrus Fruit and Citrus By-products 2.1 Flavonoids 2.2 Carotenoids 2.3 Limonoids 2.4 Dietary Fiber and Pectin 2.5 Organic Acids 3 Citrus Oil and Citrus Oil By-products 4 Conclusion References 13 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Grape Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Literature Quantitative Research Analysis: Focus on Grapeseed Oil and Health 3 Grape Seed Oil and Oil-Processing By-products: Chemical Composition, Bioactive Compounds and Biological and Functional Prope... 4 Food and Nonfood Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Grape Seed Oil and Oil-Processing By-products 4.1 Applications of Grape Seed Oil 4.1.1 Medical Applications 4.1.2 Cosmetic Applications 4.1.3 Food and Feed Applications 4.1.4 Nonfood Applications 4.2 Applications of Grape Seed Oil-Processing By-products 4.2.1 Food Applications 4.2.2 Feed Applications 4.2.3 Nonedible Applications 5 Conclusion References 14 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Coconut Fiber 3 Coconut Albumen 4 Coconut Oil 5 Coconut Water (Milk) 6 Coconut Proteins and Peptides 7 Conclusion References 15 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Pumpkin Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Economic Values of PuOC 3 Proximate Composition of Pumpkin Oil Cake (PuOC) 4 Chemical Composition of the Lipid Fraction in PuOC 4.1 Fatty Acids 4.2 Phenolic Compounds 5 Protein Isolate and Protein Fractions Extracted from PuOC 5.1 Extraction Procedure, Yield Recovery, and Protein Content 5.2 Amino Acid Composition 5.3 SDS-PAGE Analysis 5.4 Characterization of Protein Fractions Extracted from PuOC and Defatted Meals by Differential Scanning Calorimetry 6 Biological and Functional Properties of Protein Fractions Extracted from PuOC, Defatted Meals, Protein Isolate, and Hydrolys... 6.1 Antioxidant Activity 6.1.1 DPPHRadical Scavenging Activity 6.1.2 ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity 6.1.3 H2O2 Scavenging Activity 6.1.4 NO Radical Scavenging Activity 6.1.5 Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Assay 6.1.6 Phosphomolybdate Assay 6.1.7 Reducing Power 6.1.8 Ferrous Ion-Chelating Activity 6.2 Functional Properties 6.2.1 Protein Solubility 6.2.2 Interfacial Properties 6.2.3 Emulsifying Properties 6.2.4 Foaming Properties 7 Food and Nonfood Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Pumpkin Oil-Processing By-products 7.1 Pumpkin Seed Cake As a Fishmeal Substitute in Fish Nutrition 7.2 Pumpkin Seed Cake As a Substitute in Goats Diets 7.3 PuOC and PuOC PI in the Production of Bioedible Films 7.4 PuOC in Formulating Food Preparation As a Dietary Supplement 7.5 PuOC in Oil-Based Spread Development 7.6 Use of Pumpkin Seed Oil Press Cake (PSOPC) Flour As a Substitute for Wheat Flour in Biscuit Production 7.7 Use of Pumpkin Seed Oil Press Cake (PSOPC) in Gluten-Free Cookies 7.8 PuOC As a Substrate for the Cellulase Production by Penicillium roqueforti in Solid-State Fermentation 7.9 Application of Pumpkin Oil Cake Protein As a New Carrier Agent in the Encapsulation of Beetroot Juice 8 Conclusion References 16 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Cactus (Opuntia) Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Extraction and Yield of Prickly Pear Seed Oil (PPSO) 3 Characteristics of Prickly Pear Seed Oil 4 Chemical Characterization of the Prickly Pear Seed Oil 4.1 Fatty Acid Composition 4.2 The Content Phenolics, Flavonoids, Carotenoids, Phytosterols of Prickly Pear Seed Oil 5 Biological Activities of Prickly Pear Seed Oil 6 Valorization of Seed Oil in the Medicinal, Pharmaceutical, and Nutraceutical Industries 6.1 Valorization in the Cosmetic Field 6.2 Valuation in the Food Industry 7 Conclusion References 17 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Papaya Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Structure of Papaya Seed 3 Production of Defatted Papaya Seed Meal 4 Chemical Composition, Bioactive Compounds, Biological, and Functional Properties 5 Anti-nutritional Properties 6 Food and Non-food Applications 7 Valorization of Defatted Papaya Seed Meal 8 Conclusion References 18 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Avocado Oil Processing By-Products 1 Introduction 2 Avocado: A Mesoamerican Fruit 2.1 Concluding Remark 3 Processing Avocado Oil 3.1 Concluding Remark 4 Avocado Oil by-Products: Seed and Peel and Their Bioactive Phytochemicals 4.1 Concluding Remark 5 Health Implications of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Avocado Oil By-products 5.1 Concluding Remark 6 Technological Approaches: Food and Nonfood Applications from Bioactive Phytochemicals from Avocado Oil By-products 6.1 Concluding Remark 7 Conclusions References 19 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Berries Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction and Economic Values of Discussed Bio-waste from Oil Processing 2 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Extracts from Oil Processing By-products 3 Biological and Functional Properties of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Processing By-products 4 Food and Nonfood Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Processing By-products 5 Valorization of Oil Processing By-products for Nonhealth Purposes 6 Conclusion References 20 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Extraction of Oil from Date Palm Seed 3 Bioactive Compounds in Date Palm Seed Oil 4 Pharmacological Activities of Compounds Present in Date Palm Seed Oil and the Oil Processing By-products 4.1 Antioxidant Activity 4.2 Antidiabetic Activity 4.3 Anti-Inflammatory 4.4 Antimicrobial Activity 4.5 Photoprotective Activity 4.6 Hepatoprotective Activity 4.7 Cardioprotective Activity 4.8 Sperm Motility 4.9 Hair Growth and Nourishment 4.10 Skincare 4.11 Postpartum Supplements 5 Date Seed Oil and Its By-products in the Food Industry 5.1 Culinary 5.2 Enhance Functional Food Stability 5.3 Animal Feed 6 Valorization of By-products from Date Seed Oil for Nonfood Purpose 6.1 Biodiesel Production 6.2 Hydrogen Production 6.3 Bioethanol Production 6.4 Applications of Cellulose Obtained from Date Palm 6.5 Nutricosmetics 7 Economic Values of Biowaste Produced from Oil Processing 8 Conclusions References Part IV: Phytochemicals from Non-traditional Vegetable Oil and Oilseed Processing By-products 21 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Values of Jatropha curcas and Bio-waste from Jatropha curcas Oil Industry 3 Chemical Profile and Bioactive Compounds of Extracts from Jatropha curcas Oil Processing Byproducts 4 Biological and Functional Properties of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Jatropha curcas Oil Processing By-products 5 Food and Nonfood Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Jatropha curcas Oil Processing By-products 6 Valorization of Jatropha curcas Oil Processing By-products for Nonhealth Purposes 7 Conclusion References 22 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Cumin (C. cyminum) and Caraway (C. carvi) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 By-products of Cumin and Caraway 2.1 Cumin and Caraway Meals 2.2 Cumin and Caraway Seed Cakes 2.3 Husks of Oilseeds 3 Phytochemicals of Black Cumin and Caraway By-products 3.1 Dietary Fiber 3.2 Antioxidants 3.3 Protein 4 Applications of Black Cumin and Caraway By-products 5 Nutritional Value of Black Cumin and Caraway By-products 6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 7 Conclusion References 23 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Tiger Nut Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Extracts from Oil Processing By-products 3 Biological and Functional Properties of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Processing By-products 4 Food and Non-food Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Processing By-products 5 Valorization of Oil Processing By-products for Biogas 6 Conclusion References 24 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Walnut (Juglans spp.) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Extracts from Walnut Oil Processing By-products 3 Biological and Functional Properties of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Processing By-products 4 Food and Non-food Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Processing By-products 5 Valorization of Oil Processing By-products for Non-health Purposes 6 Conclusions References 25 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Hazelnut (Corylus) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Hazelnut-Processing By-products 3 Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of HPB 4 Bioactive Components of Hazelnut Oil-Processing By-products 5 Health-Promoting Effects of Hazelnut Oil Processing By-products 6 Edible Applications of Hazelnut Oil-Processing By-products 7 Technical Concerns to Hazelnut Oil-Processing By-products 8 Conclusions References 26 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Pistachio (Pistachia vera L.) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Botanical and Morphological Characteristics of Pistachio 3 Nutritional Features of Pistachio Including Phytochemical Compounds 4 Methods for Pistachio Oil Production 5 Pistachio Oil By-products with Regard to Their Potential Phytochemical Compounds 6 Pistachio Flour 7 Pistachio Hull 8 Pistachio Shell and Skin 9 Assessment of Pistachio Originated By-products in Food Product Formulations: From Waste to Functional Ingredients 10 Conclusion References 27 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Almond (Prunus dulcis) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Commercial Value of By-products from Almond Oil 3 Bioactive Compounds of Almond By-products 4 Biological and Functional Properties of Almonds By-products 5 Food and Non-food Applications of the Extracts and Bioactive Compounds 6 Valorization of Oil Processing By-Products for Non-health Purposes 7 Conclusion References 28 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Nigella sativa Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Phytochemical Profile of Nigella sativa 3 Bioactive Compounds of N. sativa Oil Processing By-products 4 Antimicrobial Activity of N. sativa Oil Processing By-products 4.1 Food Applications 4.2 Animal Fodder Applications 4.3 Plant Applications 4.4 Non-food Applications 5 Valorization of N. sativa Oil Processing By-products for Non-health Purposes 6 Conclusion References 29 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Chia (Salvia hispanica) Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Extracts from Chia Seeds and Oils 2.1 Technologies for Oil Extraction 2.2 Oil Fraction 3 Biological and Functional Properties of By-Products of Chia Oil Extraction: Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Proces... 3.1 Phenolic Compounds 3.2 Peptides 3.3 Other Bioactive Phytochemicals 4 Food and Nonfood Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil Processing By-products 4.1 Food Applications 4.2 Nonfood Applications 5 Valorization of Oil Processing By-products for Nonhealth Purposes 5.1 Pyrolysis 5.2 Anaerobic Digestion 6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 30 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Hemp Seed 3 Hemp Seed Oil 4 Hemp Cake (Phytochemical Composition) 5 Hemp Cake (Nutrient Composition) 6 Food Applications 7 Conclusions References 31 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Moringa (M. oleifera) Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Extraction and Processing of Moringa Seed Oil 3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Moringa Oil 3.1 Fatty Acids 3.2 Tocopherols 3.3 Sterol 3.4 Phenolics 4 Biological Activities of Oil 4.1 Antioxidant Activity 4.2 Antibacterial Activity 4.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity 4.4 Protective Effect Against Hepato- and Nephrotoxicity 5 Recent Valorization Studies on Moringa Seed Oil By-products 5.1 Animal Feed 5.2 Coagulant/Flocculants 5.3 Biosorbent 5.4 Fertilizer 5.5 Industrial Enzyme (Lipase Production) 5.6 Food Packaging 5.7 Biodiesel Production 6 Conclusion References 32 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Castor (Ricinus communis Linneo) Seed Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Chemical Composition and Bioactive Compounds of Extracts from Castor Seed Oil Processing By-products 3 Biological and Functional Properties of Extracts and Bioactive Phytochemicals from Castor Seed Oil Processing By-products 4 Food and Non-food Applications of Castor Seed Oil Processing By-products and Their Extracts 5 Valorization of Castor Seed Oil Processing By-products for Non-health Purposes 6 Conclusions References 33 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Literature Quantitative Research Analysis: Focus on Primrose Oil and Health 3 Chemical Composition, Bioactive Compounds, and Biological and Functional Properties from Oil and Oil- processing By-products 4 Food and Non-food Applications of Extracts and Bioactive Compounds from Oil and Oil-processing By-products 4.1 Applications of Evening Primrose Oil 4.1.1 Medical Applications 4.1.2 Cosmetic Applications 4.1.3 Food Applications 4.2 Applications of Evening Primrose Oil-processing By-products 5 Conclusion References 34 Bioactive Phytochemicals from Acorn (Quercus spp.) Oil Processing By-products 1 Introduction 2 Production and Consumption of Acorn Oil 3 Acorn Oil By-products and Their Phytochemical Properties 4 Other By-products of Acorn 5 Conclusion References Index