Internal Combustion Engine Handbook: Basics, Components, Systems, and Perspectives. Part 2

Description

SAE International, 2004. 852 р. (449-852 pp.) — ISBN:0768011396. Part 1 .Thorough in its presentation, this essential resource illustrates the latest level of knowledge in engine development, paying particular attention to the presentation of theory and practice in a balanced ratio. Almost 850 pages in length - with 1,250 illustrations and nearly 700 bibliographical references - the Internal Combustion Engine Handbook covers all of this component's complexities, including an insightful look into the internal combustion engine's future viability. An ideal publication for specialists in the automotive, engine, mineral oil, and accessories industries, this book will also prove to be useful for students, patent lawyers, the motor vehicle trade, government offices, journalists, and interested members of the public.Ignition Spark-Ignition Engine Introduction to Ignition Requirements of the Ignition System Minimum Ignition Energy Fundamentals of Spark Ignition Phases of the Spark Energy Transmission Efficiency Coil Ignition System (Inductive) Other Ignition Systems Summary and Outlook Spark Plugs Demands on Spark Plugs Design Heat Range Required Voltage for Ignition Ignition Characteristic (and Mixture Ignition) Wear Application Diesel Engines Autoignition and Combustion Diesel Engine Cold Starts Important Influential Parameters Start Evaluation Criteria Components for Supporting Cold Starts Glow Plug Systems Heating Flange Outlook Combined Systems Measurement of Ionic Current Regulated Glow Plug Systems Combustion Principles Fuels Oxidation of Hydrocarbons Combustion in SI Engines Mixture Formation Intake Manifold Injection Direct Injection Ignition Combustion Process Flame Propagation Mean Pressure and Fuel Consumption Cyclical Fluctuations Engine Knock Combustion in Diesel Engines Mixture Formation Phenomenology Fuel Jet Propagation Autoignition Combustion Process Phenomenological Description Equivalent Combustion Curves Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Model Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients Combustion Systems Combustion Systems for Diesel Engines Diesel Combustion Diesel Four-Stroke Combustion Systems Methods using Indirect Fuel Injection (IDI) Direct Fuel Injection Method (DI) Comparison of Combustion Systems Special Methods and Features Spark-Injection Engines Combustion Processes in Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Engines Combustion Process of Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) Engines Two-Stroke Diesel Engines Two-Stroke SI Engines Electronics and Mechanics for Engine Management and Transmission Shift Control Environmental Demands Stand-Alone Products (Separate Devices) Connecting Approaches Integrated Products (MTM = Mechatronic Transmission Module) Electronic Design, Structures, and Components Basic Structure Electronic Components C Knocking Input Filter Component Driver Stage Component Microcontroller Voltage Regulator Electronics in the Electronic Control Unit General Description Signal Conditioning Signal Evaluation Signal Output Power Supply CAN Bus Interface Electronics for Transmission ECUs Software Structures Task of the Software In Controlling Engines Demands on the Software The Layer Approach to Software The Software Development Process Torque-Based Functional Structure for Engine Management Model-Based Functions Using the Example of Intake Manifold Charging Functions λ Regulation Antijerk Function Throttle Valve Control Knocking Control "On-Board" Diagnosis (OBD) Self-Diagnosis Tasks Monitoring the Catalytic Converter Safety Approaches The Powertrain Powertrain Architecture The Motor-Vehicle's Longitudinal Dynamics Transmission Types Power Level and Signal Processing Level Transmission Management Functions Overview Driving or Gearshift Strategy Automatic Transmissions with Planetary Gears and Torque Converter Automated Stick-Shift Transmissions Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT) Integrated Powertrain Management (IPM®) The Integrated Starter-Motor/Alternator (ISG) SG: A System Overview Torque Structure in a Motor Vehicle Starter-Motor/Alternator Structure Description of the Starter-Motor/Alternator's Most Important Modes of Use Converters (Powertrain Management and Voltage Converters) Requirements Made on the Electronics from a System Viewpoint Function Groups and Design Criteria Cooling Classification of the Converter's Power Electronics DC/DC Converters Electrical Machine Design Criteria Simulation Tools Thermal Simulation Mechanical Strengths Requirements Made on the Electrical Machine Series Development Sensors Temperature Sensors Knock Sensors Exhaust Gas Sensors Lambda Sensors NOx Sensors Pressure Sensors Normal Pressure Sensors Piezoresistive Measurement Principle Capacitive Measurement Principle Medium Pressure Sensors High-Pressure Sensors Technical Boundary Conditions Signal Transmission Measuring Precision Air Mass Sensors Comparison of Air Mass-Controlled and Intake Manifold Pressure-Controlled Systems Measuring Principles Hot-Film Anemometer Secondary Air Mass Sensors (SAF) Speed Sensors Passive Speed Sensors Active Sensors Actuators Drives for Charge Controllers Pneumatic Drives Electric Drives Stepping Motor DC Motor Torque Motor Throttle Valve Actuators Key Function in SI Engines Key Function in Diesel Engines and in Quality-Controlled SI Engines (Direct Injection) Additional Functions Idle-Speed Control of SI Engines Position Signal Dashpot Function Cruise Control Function "Drive by Wire"/E-Gas Charge Pressure Control Vacuum/Prethrottle Actuators Swirl and Tumble Plates Swirl Plate Actuators (Swirl/Tumble Actuators) Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valves Evaporative Emissions Components Canister-Purge Valves Evaporative Emissions Diagnostics Tank Diagnostics with Pressure Tank Diagnostics with Vacuum Cooling of Internal Combustion Engines General Demands on the Cooling System Principles for Calculation and Simulation Tools Engine Cooling Subsystems Coolant Cooling Radiator Protection Media Intercooling Exhaust Gas Cooling Oil Cooling Fans and Fan Drives Cooling Modules Overall Engine Cooling System Exhaust Emissions Legal Regulations Europe California, USA Japan Harmonizing Exhaust Emission Regulations Measuring Exhaust Emissions Measuring Techniques for Certifying Automobiles Measuring Technology for Engine Development Pollutants and Their Origin Spark-Injection Engines Restricted Exhaust Emission Components Unrestricted Exhaust Components Diesel Engines Restricted Exhaust Components Unrestricted Exhaust Emission Components Reducing Pollutants Engine-Related Measures Spark-Injection Engines Diesel Engines Exhaust Gas Treatment for Spark-Ignition Engines Catalytic Converter Design and Chemical Reactions Catalytic Converter Approaches for Stoichiometric Engines Three-Way Catalytic Converter Oxygen Storage Mechanism Cold Start Strategies Deactivation and Its Effect Catalytic Converter Approaches for Lean-Burn Engines Options for NOx Reduction in Lean Exhaust Gas The NOx Storage Catalytic Converter System with a Precatalytic Converter and NOx Adsorber Metal Catalytic Converter Substrates Exhaust Treatment in Diesel Engines Diesel Oxidation Catalytic Converters Pollutants in Diesel Exhaust Characteristics of Diesel Oxidation Catalytic Converters Deactivating the Catalyst Surface Evaluating Diesel Oxidation Catalytic Converters NOx Adsorbers for Diesel Passenger Cars Operating Range of Storage Catalytic Converters Desulfurization Regeneration Methods Particle Filters Particle Definitions and Particle Properties Goals of Particle Filtration Requirements for Filter Media and Technical Solutions Deposition and Adhesion Regeneration and Periodic Cleaning Regeneration Emissions and Secondary Emissions Pressure Loss Installation Area and System Integration Damage Mechanisms, Experience Quality Criteria Performance Test, Type Test, OBD, Field Control Catalytic Soot Filter Particle Measuring Operating Fluids Fuels Diesel Fuel Diesel Fuel Components and Composition Characteristics and Properties Additives for Diesel Fuel Alternative Diesel Fuels Gasoline Gasoline Components and Composition Characteristics and Properties Alternative Gasolines Lubricants Types of Lubricants Task of Lubrication Types of Lubrication Lubrication Requirements Viscosity/Viscosity Index (V.I.) Influence of Temperature on Viscosity Influence of the Pressure on the Viscosity Influence of Shear Speed on Viscosity Basic Liquids Mineral Basic Oils Synthetic Basic Liquid Additives for Lubricants Improvers Detergents and Dispersants Antioxidants and Corrosion Inhibitors Friction and Wear Reducers (EP/AW Additives) Foam Inhibitors Engine Oils for Four-Stroke Engines SAE Viscosity Classes for Engine Oils Single-Grade Engine Oil Multigrade Oils Fuel Economy Oils Break-In Oils Gas Engine Oils Methanol Engine Oils Hydrogen Engine Oils Performance Classes Evaluating Used Oil Racing Engine Oils Wankel Engine Oils Engine Oils for Two-Stroke Engines Two-Stroke Performance Classes Two-Stroke Test Methods Coolant Frost Protection Corrosion Protection Specifications Filtration of Operating Fluids Air Filter The Importance of Air Filtration for Internal Combustion Engines Impurities in Engine Intake Air Data for Assessment of Air-Filter Media Measuring Methods and Evaluation Requirements Made on Modern Air-Filter Systems Design Criteria for Engine-Air Filter Elements Filter Housings Design of Filter Housings Fuel Filters Gasoline Fuel Filters Diesel-Fuel Filters The Performance Data of Fuel Filters Engine-Oil Filtration Wear and Filtration Full-How Oil Filters Removal Efficiency and Filter Fineness Bypass Oil Filtration Calculation and Simulation Strength and Vibration Calculation Procedures and Methods Selected Examples of Applications Piston Calculations Flow Calculation One- and Quasidimensional Methods Three-Dimensional Flow Calculation Selected Examples of Application Combustion Diagnostics Discussion Indicating Measuring Systems Quality Criteria Indicating: Prospects Visualization Functions and Discussion Visualization Methods for Real Engine Operation The Radiant Properties of Gas, Gasoline, and Diesel Flames Flame Spectroscopy Flame Propagation in Premixed Charges with Supplied Ignition Flame Propagation in Diffusion Combustion in a Diesel Engine Visualization of Combustion in Real Engine Operation by the Flame's Intrinsic Luminescence Technical Exploitation: Flame Propagation Visualization of Illuminated Processes Visualization of Mixture Distribution Visualization of Velocity Fields Visualization: The Future Fuel Consumption General Influencing Factors Air Resistance Weight Wheel Resistance Fuel Consumption Engine Modifications Downsizing Diesel Engine Gasoline Engine The Lean-Burn Engine Concept and Direct Injection Variable Valve Timing Ignition Cylinder Shutoff Concept for Reduction of Fuel Consumption Consumption Benefits in the Part-Load Range Transmission Ratios Selection of Direct Transmission Selection of Overall Transmission Ratio in the Highest Gear Driver Behavior CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions and Fuel Consumption The Influence of Engine Use on CO2 Emissions The Trend in Global CO2 Emissions Noise Emissions Basic Physical Principles and Terms Legal Provisions Concerning Emitted Noise Methods of Measuring Emitted Noise Critical Evaluation of the Informational Value of the Emitted Noise Measuring Method Emitted Noise Limits, International Legislation; Future Trends Sources of Emitted Noise Emitted Noise-Reduction Provisions Provisions on the Engine Provisions on the Vehicle Engine Noise in the Vehicle Interior Acoustic Guidelines for the Engine Designer Measuring and Analytical Methods Psychoacoustics Sound Engineering Simulation Tools Antinoise Systems: Noise Reduction using Antinoise Alternative Propulsion Systems The Rationales for Alternatives The Wankel Engine Electric Propulsion Hybrid Propulsion System Storage Systems The Stirling Engine Gas Turbines The Steam Motor The Fuel Cell as a Vehicle Propulsion System The Structure of the PEM Fuel Cell Hydrogen as the Fuel Methanol as the Fuel Gasoline Engine Fuel The Fuel Cell in the Vehicle Evaluation of the Fuel Cell vis-à-vis Other Propulsion Systems Summary Outlook Index About the Editors Color Section