Zoology
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Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page BRIEF CONTENTS CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 Zoology:An Evolutionary andEcological Perspective Chapter Outline ZOOLOGY: AN EVOLUTIONARYPERSPECTIVE ZOOLOGY: AN ECOLOGICALPERSPECTIVE WILDLIFE ALERT SUMMARY CONCEPT REVIEW QUESTIONS ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONQUESTIONS CHAPTER 2 CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS, AND ORGAN SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS Chapter Outline WHAT ARE CELLS? WHY ARE MOSTCELLS SMALL? CELL MEMBRANES MOVEMENT ACROSSMEMBRANES CYTOPLASM, ORGANELLES,AND CELLULAR COMPONENTS THE NUCLEUS:INFORMATION CENTER LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONIN VARIOUS ANIMALS TISSUES ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS SUMMARY CONCEPT REVIEW QUESTIONS ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONQUESTIONS CHAPTER 3 CELL DIVISION AND INHERITANCE Chapter Outline EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES Mitotic Cell DivisionEUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction DNA: The Genetic Material Inheritance Patterns in Animals WILDLIFE ALERT Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION: HISTORY AND EVIDENCE Chapter Outline Pre-Darwinian Theories of Change Darwin’s Early Years and His Journey Early Development of Darwin’s Ideas of Evolution The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Microevolution, Macroevolution, and Evidence of Macroevolutionary Change Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 5 EVOLUTION AND GENE FREQUENCIES Chapter Outline Populations and Gene Pools Must Evolution Happen? Evolutionary Mechanisms Species and Speciation Rates of Evolution Molecular Evolution Mosaic Evolution Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 6 ECOLOGY: PRESERVING THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Chapter Outline Animals and Their Abiotic Environment Biotic Factors: Populations Biotic Factors: Interspecifi c Interactions Communities Trophic Structure of Ecosystems Cycling within Ecosystems Ecological Problems WILDLIFE ALERT Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 7 ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY AND ORGANIZATION Chapter Outline Classifi cation of Organisms Patterns of Organization Higher Animal Taxonomy Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 8 ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: THE PROTOZOA Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective of the Protists Life within a Single Plasma Membrane Symbiotic Lifestyles Protists and Protozoan Taxonomy Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 9 MULTICELLULAR AND TISSUE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Ctenophora Further Phylogenetic Considerations WILDLIFE ALERT Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 10 THE TRIPLOBLASTIC, ACOELOMATE BODY PLAN Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Phylum Acoelomorpha Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms Are Acoelomates with Gastrovascular Cavities Phylum Nemertea: Proboscis Worms Are Named for Their Prey-Capturing Apparatus Phylum Gastrotricha Phylum Cycliophora: A Relatively New Phylum Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 11 MOLLUSCAN SUCCESS Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Molluscan Characteristics Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda Class Polyplacophora Class Scaphopoda Class Monoplacophora Class Solenogastres Class Caudofoveata Further Phylogenetic Considerations WILDLIFE ALERT Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 12 ANNELIDA: THE METAMERIC BODY FORM Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Class Polychaeta Class Clitellata Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 13 THE PSEUDOCOELOMATE BODY PLAN: ASCHELMINTHES (LOPHOTROCHOZOAN AND ECDYSOZOAN PHYLA) Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective General Characteristics Aschelminthes That Do Not Molt (Lophotrochozoan Phyla) Aschelminthes That Molt (Ecdysozoan Phyla) Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 14 THE ARTHROPODS: BLUEPRINT FOR SUCCESS Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Metamerism and Tagmatization The Exoskeleton The Hemocoel Metamorphosis Subphylum Trilobitomorpha Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea WILDLIFE ALERT Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 15 THE HEXAPODS AND MYRIAPODS: TERRESTRIAL TRIUMPHS Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Subphylum Myriapoda Subphylum Hexapoda WILDLIFE ALERT Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 16 THE ECHINODERMS Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Echinoderm Characteristics Class Asteroidea Class Ophiuroidea Class Echinoidea Class Holothuroidea Class Crinoidea Further Phylogenetic Considerations WILDLIFE ALERT Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 17 HEMICHORDATA AND INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Phylum Hemichordata Phylum Chordata Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 18 THE FISHES: VERTEBRATE SUCCESS IN WATER Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Survey of Fishes Evolutionary Pressures WILDLIFE ALERT Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 19 AMPHIBIANS: THE FIRST TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Survey of Amphibians Evolutionary Pressures Amphibians in Peril WILDLIFE ALERT Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 20 REPTILES: NONAVIAN DIAPSID AMNIOTES Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Survey of the Reptiles Evolutionary Pressures WILDLIFE ALERT Further Phylogenetic Considerations Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 21 BIRDS: REPTILES BY ANOTHER NAME Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Evolutionary Pressures WILDLIFE ALERT Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 22 MAMMALS: SYNAPSID AMNIOTES Chapter Outline Evolutionary Perspective Diversity of Mammals Evolutionary Pressures WILDLIFE ALERT Human Evolution Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 23 PROTECTION, SUPPORT, AND MOVEMENT Chapter Outline Protection: Integumentary Systems Movement and Support: Skeletal Systems Movement: Nonmuscular Movement and Muscular Systems Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 24 COMMUNICATION I: NERVOUS AND SENSORY SYSTEMS Chapter Outline Neurons: The Basic Functional Units of the Nervous System Neuron Communication Invertebrate Nervous Systems Vertebrate Nervous Systems Sensory Reception Invertebrate Sensory Receptors Vertebrate Sensory Receptors Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 25 COMMUNICATION II: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND CHEMICAL MESSENGERS Chapter Outline Chemical Messengers Hormones and Their Feedback Systems Mechanisms of Hormone Action Some Hormones of Invertebrates An Overview of the Vertebrate Endocrine System Endocrine Systems of Vertebrates Other Than Birds or Mammals Endocrine Systems of Birds and Mammals Some Hormones Are Not Produced by Endocrine Glands Evolution of Endocrine Systems Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 26 CIRCULATION AND GAS EXCHANGE Chapter Outline Internal Transport and Circulatory Systems Transport Systems in Invertebrates Transport Systems in Vertebrates The Hearts and Circulatory Systems of Bony Fishes,Amphibians, and Reptiles The Hearts and Circulatory Systems of Birds, Crocodilians, and Mammals The Lymphatic System Is an Open,One-Way System Gas Exchange Vertebrate Respiratory Systems Human Respiratory System Evolution of Respiratory Pigments Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 27 NUTRITION AND DIGESTION Chapter Outline Evolution of Nutrition The Metabolic Fates of Nutrients in Heterotrophs Digestion Animal Strategies for Getting and Using Food Diversity in Digestive Structures: Invertebrates Diversity in Digestive Structures: Vertebrates The Mammalian Digestive System Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 28 TEMPERATURE AND BODY FLUID REGULATION Chapter Outline Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation Control of Water and Solutes (Osmoregulation and Excretion) Invertebrate Excretory Systems Vertebrate Excretory Systems Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions CHAPTER 29 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Chapter Outline Asexual Reproduction in Invertebrates Sexual Reproduction in Invertebrates Sexual Reproduction in Vertebrates Examples of Reproduction among Various Vertebrate Classes The Human Male Reproductive System Is Typical of Male Mammals The Human Female Reproductive System Is Typical of Female Mammals Prenatal Development and Birth in a Human Summary Concept Review Questions Analysis and Application Questions Glossary Credits Index Back Cover
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